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For information, please e-mail special_sales@ mitpress.mit.edu or write to Special Sales Department, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. This book was set in Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong and", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0002", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/lcp/", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/lcp/", "host": "www.law.duke.edu", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "xiii", "pdfPages": "14", "chapters": [ "Preface" ], "representativeText": "Notes 1. See James Boyle, ed., The Public Domain (Durham, NC: School of Law, Duke University, 2003) (Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1–2)); http:// www.law.duke.edu/journals/lcp/. 2. http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. Preface", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0003", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "host": "dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication", "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "xiii, 70", "pdfPages": "14, 85", "chapters": [ "Preface", "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Duke University, 2003) (Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1–2)); http:// www.law.duke.edu/journals/lcp/. 2. http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. Preface xiii", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0004", "printed": "http://wizards-of-os.org/index.php?id=1551", "normalized": "http://wizards-of-os.org/index.php?id=1551", "host": "wizards-of-os.org", "nearbyProject": "wizards-of-os.org", "contextClassifications": [ "conference / workshop / event" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "14", "pdfPages": "29", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "power, and the potential to reconceptualize our knowledge environment and to unite those fighting for its freedom. (Program abstract for “The Future of the Digital Commons,” at the 2004 WOS3 Conference, http://wizards-of-os .org/index.php?id=1551) This use of the word commons is not infrequent. It can be constructive and often provides the impetus to collective action around the commons.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0005", "printed": "http://www.iascp.org", "normalized": "http://www.iascp.org", "host": "www.iascp.org", "nearbyProject": "International Association for the Study of Common Property", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "21", "pdfPages": "36", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "3. See Wagner 2005, 176, referring to Vincent Ostrom's concept of self- governance. 4. See http://www.iascp.org. This association changed its name to the Interna- tional Association for the Study of the Commons in June 2006. 5. For a history of modern commons research, see Hess 2000, 2003.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0006", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php", "host": "dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage", "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "22, 69", "pdfPages": "37, 84", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "8. Feeny et al. 1990; Andelson 1991; Hanna, Folke, and Mäler 1996; Bromley et al. 1992. See also The Comprehensive Bibliography of the Commons at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php. 9. The original concept was developed by Frank Michelman in “Ethics, Eco- nomics, and the Law of Property” (1982).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0007", "printed": "http://www.aallnet.org/products/2004-17.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.aallnet.org/products/2004-17.pdf", "host": "www.aallnet.org", "nearbyProject": "www.aallnet.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "22", "pdfPages": "37", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Patents.” Science 305(5687):1110–1111. Bollier, David. 2004. “Why We Must Talk about the Information Commons.” Law Library Journal 96(2):267–282. http://www.aallnet.org/products/2004 -17.pdf. 22 Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0008", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle", "host": "www.law.duke.edu", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy", "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 3, "printedPages": "23, 72, 140", "pdfPages": "38, 87, 155", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? 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Stern. 2003. “The Struggle to Govern the Commons.” Science 302(5652):1907–1912. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0010", "printed": "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/302/5652/1907.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/302/5652/1907.pdf", "host": "www.sciencemag.org", "nearbyProject": "Science", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "23", "pdfPages": "38", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "swp00016.pdf. Dietz, Thomas, Elinor Ostrom, and Paul C. Stern. 2003. “The Struggle to Govern the Commons.” Science 302(5652):1907–1912. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/ reprint/302/5652/1907.pdf. Feeny, David, Fikret Berkes, Bonnie J. McCay, and James M. Acheson. 1990. “The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later.” Human Ecology", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0011", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000512/", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000512/", "host": "dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "24", "pdfPages": "39", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "and Survey of Studies on New Commons and the Internet.” Presented at the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana, May 31–June 4, 2000. http://dlc.dlib .indiana.edu/archive/00000512/. Hess, Charlotte. 2003. “Why the IASCP Mission Statement Should Be Changed.” Common Property Resource Digest 67:1–3. http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0012", "printed": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/E-CPR/cpr67.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/E-CPR/cpr67.pdf", "host": "www.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Indiana University", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "24", "pdfPages": "39", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".indiana.edu/archive/00000512/. Hess, Charlotte. 2003. “Why the IASCP Mission Statement Should Be Changed.” Common Property Resource Digest 67:1–3. http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/ E-CPR/cpr67.pdf. Hess, Charlotte, and Elinor Ostrom 2003. “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Infor- mation as a Common-Pool Resource.” Law and Contemporary Problems", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0013", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPHess", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPHess", "host": "www.law.duke.edu", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 4, "printedPages": "24, 76, 117, 140", "pdfPages": "39, 91, 132, 155", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? 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Lukose. 1997. “Social Dilemmas and Internet Congestion.” Science 277(5325):535–537.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0014", "printed": "http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/infocommons.contentsexsum.html", "normalized": "http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/infocommons.contentsexsum.html", "host": "www.fepproject.org", "nearbyProject": "Free Expression Policy Project", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "24", "pdfPages": "39", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Kranich, Nancy. 2004. The Information Commons: A Public Policy Report. The Free Expression Policy Project, Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, New York. http://www.fepproject.org/policyreports/infocommons .contentsexsum.html. Lange, David. 2003. “Reimagining the Public Domain.” Law and Contempo- rary Problems 66(1–2):463–483.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0015", "printed": "http://www.lessig.org/content/articles/works/Fordham.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.lessig.org/content/articles/works/Fordham.pdf", "host": "www.lessig.org", "nearbyProject": "Lawrence Lessig", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "24", "pdfPages": "39", "chapters": [ "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Lessig, Lawrence. 1999. “Code and the Commons (Draft 2).” Keynote Address presented at a conference on Media Convergence, Fordham Law School, New York, February 9, 1999. http://www.lessig.org/content/articles/works/ Fordham.pdf. Lessig, Lawrence. 2001. 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Michelman, Frank. 1982. “Ethics, Economics, and the Law of Property.” Nomos 24(3):3–40.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0017", "printed": "Ourmedia.org", "normalized": "Ourmedia.org", "host": "ourmedia.org", "nearbyProject": "ourmedia.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "36", "pdfPages": "51", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "and “grassroots journalism” websites. They include new web plat- forms for sharing photographs (Flickr), creative works of all types (Ourmedia.org), breaking news events (Publicnews.com), and favorite web bookmarks (del.icio.us). Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia open to anyone who wishes to contribute, is now one of the most popular sites", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0018", "printed": "Publicnews.com", "normalized": "Publicnews.com", "host": "publicnews.com", "nearbyProject": "publicnews.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication", "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "36, 364", "pdfPages": "51, 379", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "Index" ], "representativeText": "and “grassroots journalism” websites. They include new web plat- forms for sharing photographs (Flickr), creative works of all types (Ourmedia.org), breaking news events (Publicnews.com), and favorite web bookmarks (del.icio.us). Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia open to anyone who wishes to contribute, is now one of the most popular sites", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0019", "printed": "del.icio.us", "normalized": "del.icio.us", "host": "del.icio.us", "nearbyProject": "del.icio.us", "contextClassifications": [ "software / technical infrastructure" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "36", "pdfPages": "51", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "forms for sharing photographs (Flickr), creative works of all types (Ourmedia.org), breaking news events (Publicnews.com), and favorite web bookmarks (del.icio.us). Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia open to anyone who wishes to contribute, is now one of the most popular sites on the web, with 5.3 million unique visitors a month. It has amassed", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0020", "printed": "YouTube.com", "normalized": "YouTube.com", "host": "youtube.com", "nearbyProject": "youtube.com", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "37", "pdfPages": "52", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "a license. The Creative Commons licenses facilitate the easier sharing and distribution of works that might otherwise be impossible. The licenses— and a number of ambitious online hosting services such as YouTube.com, a site for the sharing of “grassroots media”—are greatly reinvigorating the flow of information and creativity.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0021", "printed": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html", "normalized": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html", "host": "www.benkler.org", "nearbyProject": "Yochai Benkler", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "39", "pdfPages": "54", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "Harvard University Press, 2003). 14. See, for instance, Yochai Benkler, “Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm,” Yale Law Journal 112(2002):369–446, available at http://www .benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html; and “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emerging of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, Yale Law Journal 114(2004):273–358, available at http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0022", "printed": "http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html", "normalized": "http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html", "host": "benkler.org", "nearbyProject": "Yochai Benkler", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "39", "pdfPages": "54", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": ".benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html; and “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emerging of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, Yale Law Journal 114(2004):273–358, available at http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html. 15. Metatagging and social software were major themes at Esther Dyson's PC Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0023", "printed": "www.smartmobs.com", "normalized": "www.smartmobs.com", "host": "www.smartmobs.com", "nearbyProject": "Smart Mobs / Howard Rheingold", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "39", "pdfPages": "54", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "15. Metatagging and social software were major themes at Esther Dyson's PC Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net- working experts such as Howard Rheingold (www.smartmobs.com), Clay Shirky (www.shirky.com), and Corante's Many 2 Many (http://www.corante.com/ many).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0024", "printed": "www.shirky.com", "normalized": "www.shirky.com", "host": "www.shirky.com", "nearbyProject": "Clay Shirky", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "39", "pdfPages": "54", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net- working experts such as Howard Rheingold (www.smartmobs.com), Clay Shirky (www.shirky.com), and Corante's Many 2 Many (http://www.corante.com/ many). Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0025", "printed": "http://www.corante.com/many", "normalized": "http://www.corante.com/many", "host": "www.corante.com", "nearbyProject": "Corante / Many2Many", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "39", "pdfPages": "54", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net- working experts such as Howard Rheingold (www.smartmobs.com), Clay Shirky (www.shirky.com), and Corante's Many 2 Many (http://www.corante.com/ many). Growth of the Commons Paradigm 39", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0026", "printed": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/e-cpr.html", "normalized": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/e-cpr.html", "host": "www.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Indiana University", "contextClassifications": [ "media" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "40", "pdfPages": "55", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "and Control Culture (New York: Wiley, 2005). 17. See, for instance, The Common Property Resource Digest, March 2005 (issue 72), available at http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/e-cpr.html; David Bollier and Tim Watts, Saving the Information Commons: A New Public Interest Agenda in Digital Media (Washington, DC: New America Foundation and Public", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0027", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource", "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "40, 118", "pdfPages": "55, 133", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Knowledge, 2002). 18. An authoritative source for developments in this area is Open Access News, edited by Peter Suber, at http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 19. More on the Creative Commons licenses can be found at http://www .creativecommons.org.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0028", "printed": "http://www.creativecommons.org", "normalized": "http://www.creativecommons.org", "host": "www.creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "40", "pdfPages": "55", "chapters": [ "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm" ], "representativeText": "18. An authoritative source for developments in this area is Open Access News, edited by Peter Suber, at http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 19. More on the Creative Commons licenses can be found at http://www .creativecommons.org. 40 David Bollier", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0029", "printed": "http://dspace.org/index.html", "normalized": "http://dspace.org/index.html", "host": "dspace.org", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "56", "pdfPages": "71", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "The initial planning process requires strong leadership, great amounts of energy, and time from individuals or a small group. The impetus for MIT's DSpace repository software development (http://dspace.org/ index.html) grew from discussions between the director of the libraries and faculty members.16 The director then became the driving force behind the initiative. Kansas University's provost, David Shulenburger,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0030", "printed": "http://www.wordfocus.com/word-act-blindmen.html", "normalized": "http://www.wordfocus.com/word-act-blindmen.html", "host": "www.wordfocus.com", "nearbyProject": "www.wordfocus.com", "contextClassifications": [ "educational / reference resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "68", "pdfPages": "83", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "1. Referring to the poem of John Godfrey Sax (1816–1887), “The Blind Men and the Elephant”: “It was six men of Indostan/To learning much inclined/ Who went to see the Elephant/(Though all of them were blind). . . .” http://www .wordfocus.com/word-act-blindmen.html. 2. For longer-term analyses, feedback from the outcomes of interactions tends to change these “temporarily” exogenous variables. And, when one is analyzing", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0031", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html", "host": "www.openarchives.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "3. See http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html and http://www .openarchives.org/organization/index.html. 4. See", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0032", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/organization/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/organization/index.html", "host": "www.openarchives.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "3. See http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html and http://www .openarchives.org/organization/index.html. 4. See http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0033", "printed": "http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|2267", "normalized": "http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|2267", "host": "www.itu.int", "nearbyProject": "International Telecommunication Union / World Summit on the Information Society", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".openarchives.org/organization/index.html. 4. See http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266| 2267. 5. Usually referred to as an “institutional repository.” We will refer to this kind of organizational archive as a “digital repository” to avoid confusion with our", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0034", "printed": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php", "normalized": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php", "host": "www.eff.org", "nearbyProject": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "6. For more on rules, see Commons [1924] 1968; Bromley 1989; Agrawal 1994; Crawford and Ostrom 2005. 7. See http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php and http://www.eff .org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html. Also see Julie Cohen, “Call It the Digital Millennium Censorship Act: Unfair Use,” The New", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0035", "printed": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html", "normalized": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html", "host": "www.eff.org", "nearbyProject": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "6. For more on rules, see Commons [1924] 1968; Bromley 1989; Agrawal 1994; Crawford and Ostrom 2005. 7. See http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php and http://www.eff .org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html. Also see Julie Cohen, “Call It the Digital Millennium Censorship Act: Unfair Use,” The New Republic Online, May 23, 2000, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0036", "printed": "http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/unfairuse.html", "normalized": "http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/unfairuse.html", "host": "www.law.georgetown.edu", "nearbyProject": "Georgetown University", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html. Also see Julie Cohen, “Call It the Digital Millennium Censorship Act: Unfair Use,” The New Republic Online, May 23, 2000, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/ unfairuse.html. 8. See http://creativecommons.org/. 9. In Schlager and Ostrom 1992, the term used for extraction is withdrawal.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0037", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/", "host": "creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 3, "printedPages": "69, 121, 198", "pdfPages": "84, 136, 213", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Republic Online, May 23, 2000, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/ unfairuse.html. 8. See http://creativecommons.org/. 9. In Schlager and Ostrom 1992, the term used for extraction is withdrawal. 10. “Offering your work under a Creative Commons license does not mean", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0038", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses", "host": "creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "69", "pdfPages": "84", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "10. “Offering your work under a Creative Commons license does not mean giving up your copyright. It means offering some of your rights to any member of the public but only on certain conditions.” http://creativecommons.org/ about/licenses. 11. Vincent Ostrom has repeatedly emphasized the artifactual nature of knowl- edge and institutions:", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0039", "printed": "http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html", "normalized": "http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html", "host": "opcit.eprints.org", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "69, 70", "pdfPages": "84, 85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "commons scholars. See Agrawal 1994; Poteete and Welch 2004; Ostrom 2005; Young 1996; and search “rules” at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php. 13. See http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html for a comprehensive list of visibility/usage/impact studies. 14. A 1995 survey revealed that the main index of scientific journals, the Science", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0040", "printed": "http://www.dspace.org/implement/case-study.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.dspace.org/implement/case-study.pdf", "host": "www.dspace.org", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "70", "pdfPages": "85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".html for a comprehensive, frequently updated bibliography of open-access vis- ibility studies. 16. See “MIT's DSpace Experience: A Case Study,” http://www.dspace.org/ implement/case-study.pdf. 17. “Key to any success was defining the problem confronting us. It is not ‘the library problem' or ‘the Provost's problem,' but ‘the scholarly communication", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0041", "printed": "http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/", "normalized": "http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/", "host": "oaister.umdl.umich.edu", "nearbyProject": "OAIster / University of Michigan", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "70", "pdfPages": "85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "articles. 19. OAIster harvests data from 6,073,500 records from 572 institutions. See http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/. 20. See http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html. 21. OA means “immediate, permanent, free online access to the full text of all", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0042", "printed": "http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html", "normalized": "http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html", "host": "www.zim.mpg.de", "nearbyProject": "Max Planck Society / Berlin Declaration", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "70", "pdfPages": "85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "19. OAIster harvests data from 6,073,500 records from 572 institutions. See http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/. 20. See http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html. 21. OA means “immediate, permanent, free online access to the full text of all refereed research journal articles” (Harnad 2005).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0043", "printed": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm", "host": "www.ecs.soton.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "70", "pdfPages": "85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "21. OA means “immediate, permanent, free online access to the full text of all refereed research journal articles” (Harnad 2005). 22. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm. 23. The endorsement is online at http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly _information/scholarly_resolution.htm.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0044", "printed": "http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly_information/scholarly_resolution.htm", "normalized": "http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly_information/scholarly_resolution.htm", "host": "www.provost.ku.edu", "nearbyProject": "University of Kansas", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "70", "pdfPages": "85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "refereed research journal articles” (Harnad 2005). 22. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm. 23. The endorsement is online at http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly _information/scholarly_resolution.htm. 24. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/. 25. At http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. The DLC went online in 2001.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0045", "printed": "https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/", "normalized": "https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/", "host": "kuscholarworks.ku.edu", "nearbyProject": "KU ScholarWorks", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "70", "pdfPages": "85", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "23. The endorsement is online at http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly _information/scholarly_resolution.htm. 24. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/. 25. At http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. The DLC went online in 2001. 26. The DLC staff will digitize hardcopy texts and images, convert them to PDF", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0046", "printed": "http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/brief_common.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/brief_common.pdf", "host": "www.cisdl.org", "nearbyProject": "Centre for International Sustainable Development Law", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "71", "pdfPages": "86", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "29. This is the notion of “common but differentiated responsibilities” frequently applied in international law and promoted in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, August 2002. See http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/ brief_common.pdf. 30. Governance has to do with humans trying to find ways of making decisions that reduce the level of unwanted outcomes and increase the level of desirable", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0047", "printed": "http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/adar/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/adar/index.html", "host": "www.firstmonday.org", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "71", "pdfPages": "86", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "References Adar, Eytan, and Bernardo A. Huberman 2000. “Free Riding on Gnutella.” First Monday 5(10). http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/adar/index.html. Agrawal, Arun. 1994. “Rules, Rule Making, and Rule Breaking: Examining the Fit between Rule Systems and Resource Use.” In E. Ostrom, R. Gardner, and", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0048", "printed": "http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/open/open-2005-006.pdf", "normalized": "http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/open/open-2005-006.pdf", "host": "doc.cern.ch", "nearbyProject": "CERN", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "71", "pdfPages": "86", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Press. Altarelli, Guido. 2005. “Continuing CERN Action on Open Access.” CERN Scientific Information Policy Board. http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/ preprints/open/open-2005-006.pdf. Andersson, Krister P., and Marilyn W. Hoskins. 2004. “Information Use and Abuse in the Local Governance of Common-Pool Forest Resources.” Forests,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0049", "printed": "http://www.researchinformation.info/rioctnov05repositories.html", "normalized": "http://www.researchinformation.info/rioctnov05repositories.html", "host": "www.researchinformation.info", "nearbyProject": "Research Information", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "71", "pdfPages": "86", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Trees and Livelihoods 14:295–312. Anscombe, Nadya. 2005. “Repositories: Archive Programmes Gain Momentum.” Research Information 19 (October/November). http://www.researchinformation .info/rioctnov05repositories.html. Argyres, N. S., and J. P. Liebeskind 1998. “Privatizing the Intellectual Commons: Universities and the Commercialization of Biotechnology.” Journal of Economic", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0050", "printed": "Salon.com", "normalized": "Salon.com", "host": "salon.com", "nearbyProject": "Salon", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "71", "pdfPages": "86", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Universities and the Commercialization of Biotechnology.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35(4):427–454. 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Savenije, Bas. 2004. “The SPARC Initiative: A Catalyst for Change.” Presented at the “The Digital Library and e-Publishing for Science, Technology and Med-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0103", "printed": "http://www.library.uu.nl/staff/savenije/publicaties/ticer2004.htm", "normalized": "http://www.library.uu.nl/staff/savenije/publicaties/ticer2004.htm", "host": "www.library.uu.nl", "nearbyProject": "Utrecht University Library", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "80", "pdfPages": "95", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Savenije, Bas. 2004. “The SPARC Initiative: A Catalyst for Change.” Presented at the “The Digital Library and e-Publishing for Science, Technology and Med- icine,” TICER, Geneva, June 15, 2004. http://www.library.uu.nl/staff/savenije/ publicaties/ticer2004.htm. Schlager, Edella. 1994. “Fishers' Institutional Responses to Common-Pool Resource Dilemmas.” In E. Ostrom, R. Gardner, and J. Walker, eds. 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Boston: South End Press.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0105", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/133/shulenburger.html", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/133/shulenburger.html", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "80", "pdfPages": "95", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Shulenburger, David E. 1999. “Moving with Dispatch to Resolve the Scholarly Communication Crisis: From Here to NEAR.” ARL Newsletter, issue 202 (Feb- ruary). http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/133/shulenburger.html. 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Swan, Alma, and Paul Needham. 2005. “Developing a Model for E-prints and Open Access Journal Content in UK Further and Higher Education.” Learned", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0110", "printed": "http://cogprints.org/4120/", "normalized": "http://cogprints.org/4120/", "host": "cogprints.org", "nearbyProject": "CogPrints", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "80", "pdfPages": "95", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Swan, Alma, and Paul Needham. 2005. “Developing a Model for E-prints and Open Access Journal Content in UK Further and Higher Education.” Learned Publishing 18(1). http://cogprints.org/4120/. Tabb, Winston. 2004. “Academic Libraries: New Directions, New Partners.” Presented at the Seventh International Bielefeld Conference, “Thinking beyond", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0111", "printed": "http://conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/proceedings/tabb.pdf", "normalized": "http://conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/proceedings/tabb.pdf", "host": "conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de", "nearbyProject": "Bielefeld University", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "81", "pdfPages": "96", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Digital Libraries: Designing the Information Strategy for the Next Decade,” Bielefeld, Germany, February 4, 2004. http://conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/ proceedings/tabb.pdf. Testa, J., and M. E. McVeigh. 2004. “The Impact of Open Access Journals: A Citation Study from Thomson ISI.” http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0112", "printed": "http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf", "host": "www.isinet.com", "nearbyProject": "Thomson ISI", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication", "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "81, 205", "pdfPages": "96, 220", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "proceedings/tabb.pdf. Testa, J., and M. E. McVeigh. 2004. “The Impact of Open Access Journals: A Citation Study from Thomson ISI.” http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/ acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf. Thorin, Suzanne. 2003. “Global Changes in Scholarly Communication.” Pre- sented at e-Workshops on Scholarly Communication in the Digital Era, Feng", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0113", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines/Thorin.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines/Thorin.pdf", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "81", "pdfPages": "96", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Thorin, Suzanne. 2003. “Global Changes in Scholarly Communication.” Pre- sented at e-Workshops on Scholarly Communication in the Digital Era, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, August 11–24, 2003. http://www.arl.org/ scomm/disciplines/Thorin.pdf. Turner, Roy M. 1993. “The Tragedy of the Commons and Distributed AI Systems.” Presented at the Twelfth International Workshop on Distributed Arti-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0114", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/contents.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/contents.html", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "81", "pdfPages": "96", "chapters": [ "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Waters, Donald. 2002. “Good Archives Make Good Scholars: Reflections on Recent Steps Toward the Archiving of Digital Information.” Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR). http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/ contents.html. Weber, Steven. 2004. The Success of Open Source. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0115", "printed": "ArXiv.org", "normalized": "ArXiv.org", "host": "arxiv.org", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 5, "printedPages": "98, 353, 356", "pdfPages": "113, 368, 371", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "Index" ], "representativeText": "Like universities, academic disciplines have also created a rich array of digital repositories. The first, the Los Alamos ArXiv.org, begun in 1991 by physicist Paul Ginsparg, provides low-cost access to scientific research papers in physics and related fields before peer review and sub-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0116", "printed": "arXiv.org", "normalized": "arXiv.org", "host": "arxiv.org", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "110, 353", "pdfPages": "125, 368", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "Index" ], "representativeText": "evolve, we need to learn how to avoid the tragedy of the commons by studying viable governance, management, and financial structures. We need to conduct case studies of mature projects like arXiv.org so we can learn best practices, apply them to other projects, and inform the dis- course about commons. Likewise, we need to monitor and evaluate the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0117", "printed": "info-commons.org", "normalized": "info-commons.org", "host": "info-commons.org", "nearbyProject": "Info-Commons / American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "media" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "112", "pdfPages": "127", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Finally, it is important to recognize that building information commons does not mean a total rejection of the for-profit media indus- try. As Frederick Emrich, the editor of the info-commons.org website, points out: “Commercial uses of information serve a vital role in ensur- ing that new ideas are produced. So long as commercial uses of infor-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0118", "printed": "http://support.dialog.com/publications/chronolog/200206/1020628.shtml", "normalized": "http://support.dialog.com/publications/chronolog/200206/1020628.shtml", "host": "support.dialog.com", "nearbyProject": "support.dialog.com", "contextClassifications": [ "conference / workshop / event" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "113", "pdfPages": "128", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "3. Roger Summit, “Reflections on the Beginnings of Dialog: The Birth of Online Information Access,” Dialog Corporation History (June 2002), http://support .dialog.com/publications/chronolog/200206/1020628.shtml; see also Christine Borgman, From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access to Information in the Networked World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0119", "printed": "http://www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html", "normalized": "http://www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html", "host": "www.brown.edu", "nearbyProject": "Brown University", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "113", "pdfPages": "128", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "7. Scott J. Turner, “Library Sees Red over Rising Journal Prices: Dangling Red Tags Are Marking Periodicals That Have One-Year Subscription Rates of $1,000 or Higher,” George Street Journal 24 (March 10–16, 2000), http:// www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html; Lee Van Orsdel and Kathleen Born, “Big Chill on the Big Deal?”, Library Journal, 128/7 (April 15, 2003): 51–56, http://www.libraryjournal.com/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0120", "printed": "http://www.libraryjournal.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA289187&publication=libraryjournal", "normalized": "http://www.libraryjournal.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA289187&publication=libraryjournal", "host": "www.libraryjournal.com", "nearbyProject": "Library Journal", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "113", "pdfPages": "128", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html; Lee Van Orsdel and Kathleen Born, “Big Chill on the Big Deal?”, Library Journal, 128/7 (April 15, 2003): 51–56, http://www.libraryjournal.com/ index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA289187&publication=libraryjournal. 8. Carl T. Bergstrom and Theodore C. Bergstrom, “The Costs and Benefits of Library Site Licenses to Academic Journals,” Proceedings of the National", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0121", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "113, 121", "pdfPages": "128, 136", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Libraries, SPARC, Create Change: New Systems of Scholarly Communication (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, October 2003), http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf. 10. For more details about the impact of these developments, see Brian Hawkins and Patricia Battin, The Mirage of Continuity: Reconfiguring Academic Infor-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0122", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/Thorin.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/Thorin.pdf", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "113", "pdfPages": "128", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Suzanne Thorin, “Global Changes in Scholarly Communication,” paper pre- sented at e-Workshops on Scholarly Communication in the Digital Era, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, August 11–24, 2003, http://www.arl.org/ scomm/Thorin.pdf; Information Access Alliance, Publisher Mergers Threaten Access to Scientific, Medical, and Research Information (Washington, DC: Infor- mation Access Alliance, 2003), http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0123", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background_info.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background_info.pdf", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "113", "pdfPages": "128", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "scomm/Thorin.pdf; Information Access Alliance, Publisher Mergers Threaten Access to Scientific, Medical, and Research Information (Washington, DC: Infor- mation Access Alliance, 2003), http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background _info.pdf. Countering Enclosure 113", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0124", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/09okerson.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/09okerson.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "11. Ann Okerson, “The LIBLICENSE Project and How it Grows,” D-Lib Mag- azine, 5/9 (September 1999), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/ 09okerson.html; Yale University Libraries and the Council on Library Resources, Liblicense, website for resources about library licenses, http://www.library .yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml; AFFECT: Americans for Fair Electronic Com-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0125", "printed": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml", "host": "www.library.yale.edu", "nearbyProject": "Liblicense / Yale University Library", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "azine, 5/9 (September 1999), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/ 09okerson.html; Yale University Libraries and the Council on Library Resources, Liblicense, website for resources about library licenses, http://www.library .yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml; AFFECT: Americans for Fair Electronic Com- merce Transactions, “Why We Oppose UCITA,” http://www.affect.ucita.com/ why.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0126", "printed": "http://www.affect.ucita.com/why.html", "normalized": "http://www.affect.ucita.com/why.html", "host": "www.affect.ucita.com", "nearbyProject": "AFFECT / UCITA", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Liblicense, website for resources about library licenses, http://www.library .yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml; AFFECT: Americans for Fair Electronic Com- merce Transactions, “Why We Oppose UCITA,” http://www.affect.ucita.com/ why.html. 12. Brian Kahin, “Scholarly Communication in the Networked Environment: Issues of Principle, Policy, and Practice,” in Robin P. Peek and Gregory B. Newby,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0127", "printed": "http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-273A1.pdf", "normalized": "http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-273A1.pdf", "host": "hraunfoss.fcc.gov", "nearbyProject": "Federal Communications Commission", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "16. “Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,” In the Matter of: Digital Broadcast Content Protection, MB Docket 02-230, Novem- ber 4, 2003, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-273A1 .pdf. In March 2004, the American Library Association and Public Knowledge filed suit challenging the FCC's authority to issue these regulations. See Ameri- can Library Association v. FCC, No. 04-1037 (D.C. Cir., filed March 3, 2004).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0128", "printed": "http://www.cdt.org/copyright/031216broadcastflag.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.cdt.org/copyright/031216broadcastflag.pdf", "host": "www.cdt.org", "nearbyProject": "Center for Democracy & Technology", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "nology, Implications of the Broadcast Flag: A Public Interest Primer (version 2.0) (Washington, DC: Center for Democracy and Technology, December 2003), http://www.cdt.org/copyright/031216broadcastflag.pdf; Public Knowledge,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0129", "printed": "http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue-broadcast-flag/", "normalized": "http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue-broadcast-flag/", "host": "www.publicknowledge.org", "nearbyProject": "Public Knowledge", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Broadcast Flag, http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue -broadcast-flag/. 17. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 123 S.Ct. 769 (2003), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf. Documents filed in the case are available at", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0130", "printed": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf", "host": "www.supremecourtus.gov", "nearbyProject": "Supreme Court of the United States", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue -broadcast-flag/. 17. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 123 S.Ct. 769 (2003), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf. Documents filed in the case are available at http://eldred.cc/; for additional background, see Marjorie Heins, “The Progress of Science and Useful Arts”: Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0131", "printed": "http://eldred.cc/", "normalized": "http://eldred.cc/", "host": "eldred.cc", "nearbyProject": "Eldred v. Ashcroft campaign", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "17. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 123 S.Ct. 769 (2003), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf. Documents filed in the case are available at http://eldred.cc/; for additional background, see Marjorie Heins, “The Progress of Science and Useful Arts”: Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual Freedom (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, 2003), 15–23; American", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0132", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=copyrightcases&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=20264", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=copyrightcases&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=20264", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "of Science and Useful Arts”: Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual Freedom (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, 2003), 15–23; American Library Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft website, http://www.ala.org/Template .cfm?Section=copyrightcases&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay .cfm&ContentID=20264; Open Law, Eldred v. Ashcroft website, http://cyber .law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/; “Eldred v. Ashcroft,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Reno.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0133", "printed": "http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/", "normalized": "http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/", "host": "cyber.law.harvard.edu", "nearbyProject": "Berkman Center / Harvard Law School", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Library Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft website, http://www.ala.org/Template .cfm?Section=copyrightcases&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay .cfm&ContentID=20264; Open Law, Eldred v. Ashcroft website, http://cyber .law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/; “Eldred v. Ashcroft,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Reno. 18. A & M Records v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001); Metro-Goldwyn-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0134", "printed": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Reno", "normalized": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Reno", "host": "en.wikipedia.org", "nearbyProject": "Wikipedia", "contextClassifications": [ "law / court / government record" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "114", "pdfPages": "129", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".cfm&ContentID=20264; Open Law, Eldred v. Ashcroft website, http://cyber .law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/; “Eldred v. Ashcroft,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Reno. 18. A & M Records v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001); Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer Studios v. Grokster, U.S. Supreme Court, No. 04-480, Syllabus and", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0135", "printed": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-361.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-361.pdf", "host": "www.supremecourtus.gov", "nearbyProject": "Supreme Court of the United States", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "19. For more information about filters and CIPA, see U.S. Supreme Court, United States et al. v. American Library Association, et al., No. 02-361, Syllabus and Opinion of the Court, 2003, http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/ 02pdf/02-361.pdf; National Research Council, Tools and Strategies for Protect- ing Kids from Pornography and Their Applicability to Other Inappropriate Internet Content", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0136", "printed": "http://books.nap.edu/html/youth_internet/", "normalized": "http://books.nap.edu/html/youth_internet/", "host": "books.nap.edu", "nearbyProject": "National Academies Press", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Internet Content (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 2001), http://books.nap.edu/html/youth_internet/; U.S. Children's Online Protection Act Commission, Final Report of the COPA Commission Presented to Congress, October 20, 2000 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0137", "printed": "http://www.copacommission.org/report/", "normalized": "http://www.copacommission.org/report/", "host": "www.copacommission.org", "nearbyProject": "Commission on Online Child Protection", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Commission, Final Report of the COPA Commission Presented to Congress, October 20, 2000 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000), http://www.copacommission.org/report/; U.S. District Court for Eastern Penn- sylvania, American Library Association v. the United States et al. No. 01-1303: Opinion of the Court, Philadelphia, May 31, 2002, http://www.ala.org/ala/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0138", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/WOissues/civilliberties/cipaweb/legalhistory/internet.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/WOissues/civilliberties/cipaweb/legalhistory/internet.pdf", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.copacommission.org/report/; U.S. District Court for Eastern Penn- sylvania, American Library Association v. the United States et al. No. 01-1303: Opinion of the Court, Philadelphia, May 31, 2002, http://www.ala.org/ala/ washoff/WOissues/civilliberties/cipaweb/legalhistory/internet.pdf; American Library Association, “CIPA,” website, http://www.ala.org/cipa.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0139", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/cipa", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/cipa", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "washoff/WOissues/civilliberties/cipaweb/legalhistory/internet.pdf; American Library Association, “CIPA,” website, http://www.ala.org/cipa. 20. Nancy Kranich, “Government Information: Less Is Dangerous,” Thought and Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal 4 (spring 1988): 37–48.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0140", "printed": "http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotact.html", "normalized": "http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotact.html", "host": "www.fepproject.org", "nearbyProject": "Free Expression Policy Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "and Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal 4 (spring 1988): 37–48. 21. Nancy Kranich, The Impact of the USA PATRIOT Act on Free Expression (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, May 2003), http://www .fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotact.html; “Update” (August 27, 2003), http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotactupdate.html. 22. National Security Archive, The Ashcroft Memo: “Drastic” Change or “More", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0141", "printed": "http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotactupdate.html", "normalized": "http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotactupdate.html", "host": "www.fepproject.org", "nearbyProject": "Free Expression Policy Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "(New York: Free Expression Policy Project, May 2003), http://www .fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotact.html; “Update” (August 27, 2003), http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotactupdate.html. 22. National Security Archive, The Ashcroft Memo: “Drastic” Change or “More Thunder Than Lightning”? (Washington, DC: National Security Archive, 2003),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0142", "printed": "http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB84/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB84/index.html", "host": "www.gwu.edu", "nearbyProject": "National Security Archive / George Washington University", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "22. National Security Archive, The Ashcroft Memo: “Drastic” Change or “More Thunder Than Lightning”? (Washington, DC: National Security Archive, 2003), http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB84/index.html. 23. Information Security Oversight Office, Report to the President, 2004, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Information Oversight Office,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0143", "printed": "http://www.archives.gov/isoo/reports/2004-annual-report.html#10", "normalized": "http://www.archives.gov/isoo/reports/2004-annual-report.html#10", "host": "www.archives.gov", "nearbyProject": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "23. Information Security Oversight Office, Report to the President, 2004, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Information Oversight Office, 2005, http://www.archives.gov/isoo/reports/2004-annual-report.html#10. 24. Andrew Card, “Memorandum for Heads of Departments and Agencies: Action to Safeguard Information Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction and", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0144", "printed": "http://www.usdoj.gov/oip/foiapost/2002foiapost10.htm", "normalized": "http://www.usdoj.gov/oip/foiapost/2002foiapost10.htm", "host": "www.usdoj.gov", "nearbyProject": "U.S. Department of Justice", "contextClassifications": [ "law / court / government record" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Action to Safeguard Information Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction and Other Sensitive Documents Related to Homeland Security,” (Washington, DC: U.S. Office of the President, March 21, 2002), http://www.usdoj.gov/oip/ foiapost/2002foiapost10.htm. 25. American Library Association, Washington Office, Sensitive Homeland Security Information (Washington, DC: American Library Association, 2003),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0145", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=governmentinfo&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=80795#shsi", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=governmentinfo&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=80795#shsi", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "law / court / government record" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "25. American Library Association, Washington Office, Sensitive Homeland Security Information (Washington, DC: American Library Association, 2003), http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=governmentinfo&Template=/ ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=80795#shsi. 26. American Library Association, Washington Office, “Executive Order 13233, November 1, 2001, Further Implementation of the Presidential Records Act,”", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0146", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/WOissues/governmentinfo/laadmin.htm#exec", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/WOissues/governmentinfo/laadmin.htm#exec", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "115", "pdfPages": "130", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "26. American Library Association, Washington Office, “Executive Order 13233, November 1, 2001, Further Implementation of the Presidential Records Act,” http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/WOissues/governmentinfo/laadmin.htm#exec. 27. “Statement on Scientific Publication and Security—January 2003,” Science 299/5610 (February 21, 2003): 1149.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0147", "printed": "http://www.aaup.org/statements/REPORTS/Post9-11.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.aaup.org/statements/REPORTS/Post9-11.pdf", "host": "www.aaup.org", "nearbyProject": "American Association of University Professors", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "National Security in a Time of Crisis, “Report of an AAUP Special Committee,” Academe: Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors 89/6 (November–December 2003), http://www.aaup.org/statements/REPORTS/Post9 -11.pdf; National Research Council (NRC), Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology, Biotech- nology Research in an Age of Terrorism (Washington, DC: National Academies", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0148", "printed": "http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Digital_Divisions_Oct_5_2005.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Digital_Divisions_Oct_5_2005.pdf", "host": "www.pewinternet.org", "nearbyProject": "Pew Internet & American Life Project", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "5, 2005), http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Digital_Divisions _Oct_5_2005.pdf; Robert W. Fairlie, Are We Really a Nation Online? Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Access to Technology and Their Consequences (Washington, DC: Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0149", "printed": "http://www.civilrights.org/issues/communication/digitaldivide.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.civilrights.org/issues/communication/digitaldivide.pdf", "host": "www.civilrights.org", "nearbyProject": "Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "20, 2005), http://www.civilrights.org/issues/communication/ digitaldivide.pdf. 31. Jeffrey Young, “Technology Gap among Colleges Perpetuates ‘Digital Divide' in Society, Expert Warns: Logging in with Larry Irving,” Chronicle of", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0150", "printed": "http://chronicle.com/free/2002/06/2002060402t.htm", "normalized": "http://chronicle.com/free/2002/06/2002060402t.htm", "host": "chronicle.com", "nearbyProject": "Chronicle of Higher Education", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "4, 2002), http://chronicle.com/free/2002/06/ 2002060402t.htm. 32. Eszter Hargittai, “Second-Level Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills,” First Monday, 7/4 (April 2002), http://firstmonday.org/issues/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0151", "printed": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_4/hargittai/index.html", "normalized": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_4/hargittai/index.html", "host": "firstmonday.org", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "2002060402t.htm. 32. Eszter Hargittai, “Second-Level Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills,” First Monday, 7/4 (April 2002), http://firstmonday.org/issues/ issue7_4/hargittai/index.html. 33. Nancy Kranich, “Literacy in the Digital Age,” in Susan Kretchmer, ed., Navigating the Network Society: The Challenges and Opportunities of the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0152", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1245", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1245", "host": "www.law.duke.edu", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "36. Yochai Benkler, “Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information,” Duke Law Journal 55/6 (April 2003): 1245–1276 (quote on 1256), http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1245. 37. Yochai Benkler, “From Consumers to Users: Shifting the Deeper Structures of Regulation toward Sustainable Commons and User Access,” Federal Com-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0153", "printed": "http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no3/benkler1.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no3/benkler1.pdf", "host": "www.law.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Indiana University", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "of Regulation toward Sustainable Commons and User Access,” Federal Com- munications Law Journal 52/3 (2000): 579, http://www.law.indiana.edu/ fclj/pubs/v52/no3/benkler1.pdf. 38. David Bollier, “Artists, Technology and the Ownership of Creative Content,” Center for the Creative Community, November 2003, p. 98, http://", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0154", "printed": "http://www.culturalcommons.org/comment-print.cfm?ID=10", "normalized": "http://www.culturalcommons.org/comment-print.cfm?ID=10", "host": "www.culturalcommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Cultural Commons / Center for the Creative Community", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "116", "pdfPages": "131", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "fclj/pubs/v52/no3/benkler1.pdf. 38. David Bollier, “Artists, Technology and the Ownership of Creative Content,” Center for the Creative Community, November 2003, p. 98, http:// www.culturalcommons.org/comment-print.cfm?ID=10. 116 Nancy Kranich", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0155", "printed": "http://www.newamerica.net/Download_Docs/pdfs/Pub_File_650_1.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.newamerica.net/Download_Docs/pdfs/Pub_File_650_1.pdf", "host": "www.newamerica.net", "nearbyProject": "New America Foundation", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Digest 65 (June 2003): 1–4; David Bollier, Public Assets, Private Profits: Reclaiming the American Commons in an Age of Market Enclosure (Washing- ton, DC: New America Foundation, 2001), http://www.newamerica.net/ Download_Docs/pdfs/Pub_File_650_1.pdf; David Bollier and Tim Watts, Saving the Information Commons: A New Public Interest Agenda in Digital Media (Washington, DC: New America Foundation and Public Knowledge, 2002),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0156", "printed": "http://www.newamerica.net/Download_Docs/pdfs/Pub_File_866_1.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.newamerica.net/Download_Docs/pdfs/Pub_File_866_1.pdf", "host": "www.newamerica.net", "nearbyProject": "New America Foundation", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "the Information Commons: A New Public Interest Agenda in Digital Media (Washington, DC: New America Foundation and Public Knowledge, 2002), http://www.newamerica.net/Download_Docs/pdfs/Pub_File_866_1.pdf; David Bollier, Silent Theft: The Private Plunder of Our Common Wealth (New York:", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0157", "printed": "http://www.peterlevine.ws/goodsociety.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.peterlevine.ws/goodsociety.pdf", "host": "www.peterlevine.ws", "nearbyProject": "Peter Levine", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "(winter/spring 2003): 144–145, http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPHess. 42. Peter Levine, “Building the Electronic Commons,” The Good Society 11/3 (2002): 5–8, http://www.peterlevine.ws/goodsociety.pdf. 43. For more information, see SPARC, http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp ?page=a0.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0158", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=a0", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=a0", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "42. Peter Levine, “Building the Electronic Commons,” The Good Society 11/3 (2002): 5–8, http://www.peterlevine.ws/goodsociety.pdf. 43. For more information, see SPARC, http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp ?page=a0. 44. American Anthropological Association, AnthroSource: Enriching Scholar- ship and Building Global Communities, http:///www.aaanet.org/anthrosource/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0159", "printed": "http:///www.aaanet.org/anthrosource/index.htm", "normalized": "http://www.aaanet.org/anthrosource/index.htm", "host": "www.aaanet.org", "nearbyProject": "American Anthropological Association / AnthroSource", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "?page=a0. 44. American Anthropological Association, AnthroSource: Enriching Scholar- ship and Building Global Communities, http:///www.aaanet.org/anthrosource/ index.htm. See also “Open-Access Policy Statements by Learned Societies and Professional Associations,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm. For more information about these issues, see the Association of Learned and Pro-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0160", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "ship and Building Global Communities, http:///www.aaanet.org/anthrosource/ index.htm. See also “Open-Access Policy Statements by Learned Societies and Professional Associations,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm. For more information about these issues, see the Association of Learned and Pro- fessional Society Publishers, website, http://www.alpsp.org/default.htm; the Free", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0161", "printed": "http://www.alpsp.org/default.htm", "normalized": "http://www.alpsp.org/default.htm", "host": "www.alpsp.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Professional Associations,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm. For more information about these issues, see the Association of Learned and Pro- fessional Society Publishers, website, http://www.alpsp.org/default.htm; the Free Online Scholarship Newsletter and blog, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/. 45. Peter Suber, “Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0162", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "117, 118", "pdfPages": "132, 133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "more information about these issues, see the Association of Learned and Pro- fessional Society Publishers, website, http://www.alpsp.org/default.htm; the Free Online Scholarship Newsletter and blog, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/. 45. Peter Suber, “Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians,” College & Research Libraries News 64/2 (February", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0163", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "117, 206", "pdfPages": "132, 221", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "45. Peter Suber, “Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians,” College & Research Libraries News 64/2 (February 2003): 92–94, 113, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm; Gerry McKiernan, “Open Access and Retrieval: Liberating the Scholarly Literature,” in David Fowler, ed., E-Serials Collection Management: Transitions, Trends, and", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0164", "printed": "http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf", "host": "www.public.iastate.edu", "nearbyProject": "Iowa State University / Gerry McKiernan", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "in David Fowler, ed., E-Serials Collection Management: Transitions, Trends, and Technicalities (New York: Haworth Information Press, 2004), 197–220, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf; Association of Research Libraries, “What Is Open Access,” Washington, DC, http://www.arl.org/scomm/ open_access/framing.html#openaccess; David Prosser, “On the Transition of", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0165", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/open_access/framing.html#openaccess", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/open_access/framing.html#openaccess", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Technicalities (New York: Haworth Information Press, 2004), 197–220, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf; Association of Research Libraries, “What Is Open Access,” Washington, DC, http://www.arl.org/scomm/ open_access/framing.html#openaccess; David Prosser, “On the Transition of Journals to Open Access,” ARL Bimonthly Report, no. 227 (April 2003): 1–3, http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html; Walt Crawford, “A Scholarly", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0166", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "open_access/framing.html#openaccess; David Prosser, “On the Transition of Journals to Open Access,” ARL Bimonthly Report, no. 227 (April 2003): 1–3, http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html; Walt Crawford, “A Scholarly Access Perspective,” Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large, 3/13 (November 2003), http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf; Paula Hane, “The Latest Develop-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0167", "printed": "http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf", "normalized": "http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf", "host": "cites.boisestate.edu", "nearbyProject": "Cites & Insights", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html; Walt Crawford, “A Scholarly Access Perspective,” Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large, 3/13 (November 2003), http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf; Paula Hane, “The Latest Develop- ments in Open Access, E-Books and More,” Information Today, 21/1 (January 2, 2004), http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml. For a timeline of", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0168", "printed": "http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml", "host": "www.infotoday.com", "nearbyProject": "Information Today", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "117", "pdfPages": "132", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "2003), http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf; Paula Hane, “The Latest Develop- ments in Open Access, E-Books and More,” Information Today, 21/1 (January 2, 2004), http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml. For a timeline of the open-access movement, see Peter Suber, “Timeline of the Free Online Countering Enclosure", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0169", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication", "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 3, "printedPages": "118, 199, 206", "pdfPages": "133, 214, 221", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Scholarship Movement,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. See also SPARC Open Access Newsletter (Washington, DC: SPARC), http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/; Peter Suber, Open Access News Blog, http://", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0170", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/", "host": "www.soros.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "118, 142", "pdfPages": "133, 157", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 46. For more information including a Guide to Business Planning, see Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/. 47. Steve Lawrence, “Online or Invisible?”, Nature 411/6837 (2001): 521. 48. Lund University Libraries, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0171", "printed": "http://www.doaj.org", "normalized": "http://www.doaj.org", "host": "www.doaj.org", "nearbyProject": "Directory of Open Access Journals", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "47. Steve Lawrence, “Online or Invisible?”, Nature 411/6837 (2001): 521. 48. Lund University Libraries, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund, Sweden: Lund University Libraries), http://www.doaj.org. 49. For more information about BioMedCentral, see http://www.biomedcentral .com.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0172", "printed": "http://www.biomedcentral.com", "normalized": "http://www.biomedcentral.com", "host": "www.biomedcentral.com", "nearbyProject": "BioMed Central", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "48. Lund University Libraries, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund, Sweden: Lund University Libraries), http://www.doaj.org. 49. For more information about BioMedCentral, see http://www.biomedcentral .com. 50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,”", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0173", "printed": "http://www.plos.org/", "normalized": "http://www.plos.org/", "host": "www.plos.org", "nearbyProject": "Public Library of Science", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "49. For more information about BioMedCentral, see http://www.biomedcentral .com. 50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,” New Scientist.com 18/18 (August 19, 2003), http://www.newscientist.com/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0174", "printed": "Scientist.com", "normalized": "Scientist.com", "host": "scientist.com", "nearbyProject": "scientist.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,” New Scientist.com 18/18 (August 19, 2003), http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071; Marydee Ojala, “Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0175", "printed": "http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071", "normalized": "http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071", "host": "www.newscientist.com", "nearbyProject": "New Scientist", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,” New Scientist.com 18/18 (August 19, 2003), http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071; Marydee Ojala, “Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources (October 2003), http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0176", "printed": "http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552", "normalized": "http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552", "host": "www.econtentmag.com", "nearbyProject": "EContent", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071; Marydee Ojala, “Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources (October 2003), http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552. 51. For more information about BioOne, see SPARC, BioOne, http://www.arl .org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0177", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources (October 2003), http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552. 51. For more information about BioOne, see SPARC, BioOne, http://www.arl .org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3. 52. National Institutes of Health, Public Access, http://publicaccess.nih.gov/. 53. For more information, see Open Archives Initiative, website, http://www", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0178", "printed": "http://publicaccess.nih.gov/", "normalized": "http://publicaccess.nih.gov/", "host": "publicaccess.nih.gov", "nearbyProject": "NIH Public Access", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "51. For more information about BioOne, see SPARC, BioOne, http://www.arl .org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3. 52. National Institutes of Health, Public Access, http://publicaccess.nih.gov/. 53. For more information, see Open Archives Initiative, website, http://www .openarchives.org/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0179", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/", "host": "www.openarchives.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "118, 198", "pdfPages": "133, 213", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": ".org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3. 52. National Institutes of Health, Public Access, http://publicaccess.nih.gov/. 53. For more information, see Open Archives Initiative, website, http://www .openarchives.org/. 54. This effort was boosted by articulation of the characteristics and responsi- bilities for large-scale, heterogeneous collections, which helped digital reposito-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0180", "printed": "http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf", "host": "www.rlg.org", "nearbyProject": "Research Libraries Group", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "ries provide the reliable, long-term access to resources. See Research Libraries Group and OCLC, Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities (Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group, May 2002), http://www.rlg.org/ longterm/repositories.pdf; see also Hess and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facil- ities,” 139–141. 55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0181", "printed": "http://www.dspace.org", "normalized": "http://www.dspace.org", "host": "www.dspace.org", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "longterm/repositories.pdf; see also Hess and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facil- ities,” 139–141. 55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org. 56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0182", "printed": "www.erudit.org", "normalized": "www.erudit.org", "host": "www.erudit.org", "nearbyProject": "Érudit", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "ities,” 139–141. 55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org. 56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional Repository of Utrecht University, http://dispute.library.uu.nl/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0183", "printed": "http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/", "normalized": "http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/", "host": "repositories.cdlib.org", "nearbyProject": "California Digital Library / eScholarship", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org. 56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional Repository of Utrecht University, http://dispute.library.uu.nl/. 57. Ann Wolford, “The Role of the Research University in Strengthening the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0184", "printed": "http://dispute.library.uu.nl/", "normalized": "http://dispute.library.uu.nl/", "host": "dispute.library.uu.nl", "nearbyProject": "Utrecht University institutional repository (DISPUTE)", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional Repository of Utrecht University, http://dispute.library.uu.nl/. 57. Ann Wolford, “The Role of the Research University in Strengthening the Intellectual Commons: The OpenCourseWare and DSpace Initiatives at MIT,”", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0185", "printed": "http://books.nap.edu/books/030908850X/html/187.html#pagetop", "normalized": "http://books.nap.edu/books/030908850X/html/187.html#pagetop", "host": "books.nap.edu", "nearbyProject": "National Academies Press", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "tions (BISO), The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003), 187–190, http://books.nap.edu/books/030908850X/ html/187.html#pagetop; Clifford A.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0186", "printed": "http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal", "normalized": "http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal", "host": "muse.jhu.edu", "nearbyProject": "Project MUSE", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "118", "pdfPages": "133", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age,” portal: Libraries and the Academy, 3/2 (April 2003): 327, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal 118 Nancy Kranich", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0187", "printed": "http://www.dspace.org/", "normalized": "http://www.dspace.org/", "host": "www.dspace.org", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "_libraries_and_the_academy/v003/3.2lynch.html. See also Vivien Marx, “In DSpace, Ideas Are Forever,” New York Times (August 3, 2003): 4A, 8. The MIT DSpace digital repository is available at http://www.dspace.org/. MIT has also created OpenCourseWare, a collaborative courseware exchange, http://ocw.mit .edu/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0188", "printed": "http://ocw.mit.edu/", "normalized": "http://ocw.mit.edu/", "host": "ocw.mit.edu", "nearbyProject": "MIT OpenCourseWare", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "DSpace, Ideas Are Forever,” New York Times (August 3, 2003): 4A, 8. The MIT DSpace digital repository is available at http://www.dspace.org/. MIT has also created OpenCourseWare, a collaborative courseware exchange, http://ocw.mit .edu/. 58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0189", "printed": "http://www.arxiv.org/", "normalized": "http://www.arxiv.org/", "host": "www.arxiv.org", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "created OpenCourseWare, a collaborative courseware exchange, http://ocw.mit .edu/. 58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0190", "printed": "http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph", "normalized": "http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph", "host": "arxiv.org", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".edu/. 58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer Review Be Better Focused?”, http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0191", "printed": "http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions", "normalized": "http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions", "host": "arxiv.org", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer Review Be Better Focused?”, http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html. 59. “Summary of presentation by Greg Schwartz at the November 3–4 meeting", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0192", "printed": "http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html", "normalized": "http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html", "host": "arxiv.org", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer Review Be Better Focused?”, http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html. 59. “Summary of presentation by Greg Schwartz at the November 3–4 meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) Publications Board,” PAMnet", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0193", "printed": "http://listserv.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0311&L=pamnet&D=1&O=D&P=1632", "normalized": "http://listserv.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0311&L=pamnet&D=1&O=D&P=1632", "host": "listserv.nd.edu", "nearbyProject": "Notre Dame LISTSERV", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "November 13, http://listserv.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0311&L= pamnet&D=1&O=D&P=1632. 60. For more", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0194", "printed": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu/", "normalized": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu/", "host": "econwpa.wustl.edu", "nearbyProject": "EconWPA", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "see EconWPA, http://econwpa.wustl.edu/; Oxford Text Archive, http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/; PhilSci- Archive, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/; NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository, http://lsr.nellco.org; Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0195", "printed": "http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/", "normalized": "http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/", "host": "ota.ahds.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "Oxford Text Archive", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "see EconWPA, http://econwpa.wustl.edu/; Oxford Text Archive, http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/; PhilSci- Archive, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/; NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository, http://lsr.nellco.org; Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0196", "printed": "http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/", "normalized": "http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/", "host": "philsci-archive.pitt.edu", "nearbyProject": "PhilSci Archive", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "EconWPA, http://econwpa.wustl.edu/; Oxford Text Archive, http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/; PhilSci- Archive, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/; NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository, http://lsr.nellco.org; Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, http://www.ndltd.org/; IUCN—World Conservation Union, Conservation", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0197", "printed": "http://lsr.nellco.org", "normalized": "http://lsr.nellco.org", "host": "lsr.nellco.org", "nearbyProject": "NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu/; Oxford Text Archive, http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/; PhilSci- Archive, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/; NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository, http://lsr.nellco.org; Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, http://www.ndltd.org/; IUCN—World Conservation Union, Conservation Commons, http://www.conservationcommons.org, the Digital Library of the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0198", "printed": "http://www.ndltd.org/", "normalized": "http://www.ndltd.org/", "host": "www.ndltd.org", "nearbyProject": "Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Archive, http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/; NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository, http://lsr.nellco.org; Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, http://www.ndltd.org/; IUCN—World Conservation Union, Conservation Commons, http://www.conservationcommons.org, the Digital Library of the Commons, http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0199", "printed": "http://www.conservationcommons.org", "normalized": "http://www.conservationcommons.org", "host": "www.conservationcommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Conservation Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://lsr.nellco.org; Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, http://www.ndltd.org/; IUCN—World Conservation Union, Conservation Commons, http://www.conservationcommons.org, the Digital Library of the Commons, http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/. 61. Stevan Harnad, “Self-Archive Unto Others,” University Affairs: Canada's", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0200", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/", "host": "dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.ndltd.org/; IUCN—World Conservation Union, Conservation Commons, http://www.conservationcommons.org, the Digital Library of the Commons, http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/. 61. Stevan Harnad, “Self-Archive Unto Others,” University Affairs: Canada's Magazine on Higher Education and Academic Jobs (December 2003),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0201", "printed": "http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html", "normalized": "http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html", "host": "www.universityaffairs.ca", "nearbyProject": "University Affairs", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "61. Stevan Harnad, “Self-Archive Unto Others,” University Affairs: Canada's Magazine on Higher Education and Academic Jobs (December 2003), http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html; Stevan Harnad, “Maximizing University Research Impact through Self-Archiving,” University of Quebec at Montreal, http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm; Hess", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0202", "printed": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm", "host": "www.ecs.soton.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassifications": [ "law / court / government record" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html; Stevan Harnad, “Maximizing University Research Impact through Self-Archiving,” University of Quebec at Montreal, http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm; Hess and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities,” 143. See also Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open Archiving) at the University of Loughborough,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0203", "printed": "http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/", "normalized": "http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/", "host": "www.lboro.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "RoMEO / Loughborough University", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities,” 143. See also Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open Archiving) at the University of Loughborough, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/; EPrints.org—Self- Archiving and Open Archives, http://www.eprints.org/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0204", "printed": "EPrints.org", "normalized": "EPrints.org", "host": "eprints.org", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "(Rights MEtadata for Open Archiving) at the University of Loughborough, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/; EPrints.org—Self- Archiving and Open Archives, http://www.eprints.org/. 62. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin, The Digital Library: A Biogra-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0205", "printed": "http://www.eprints.org/", "normalized": "http://www.eprints.org/", "host": "www.eprints.org", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/; EPrints.org—Self- Archiving and Open Archives, http://www.eprints.org/. 62. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin, The Digital Library: A Biogra- phy (Washington, DC: Digital Library Federation, December 2002),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0206", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub109/contents.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub109/contents.html", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "62. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin, The Digital Library: A Biogra- phy (Washington, DC: Digital Library Federation, December 2002), http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub109/contents.html. 63. John Markoff and Edward Wyatt, “Google Is Adding Major Libraries to Its Database,” New York Times (December 14, 2004): A1; Scott Carlson and Jeffrey", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0207", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/al_onlineTemplate.cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=108705", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/al_onlineTemplate.cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=108705", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Research Libraries,” Chronicle of Higher Education (December 14, 2004). 64. “Google Makes Its First Public Domain Books Available Online,” American Libraries Online (November 4, 2005), http://www.ala.org/al_onlineTemplate .cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/Content Display.cfm&ContentID=108705. 65. Open Access Alliance, http://www.opencontentalliance.org/; “The Open Content Alliance,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter, no. 91 (November 2, 2005),", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0208", "printed": "http://www.opencontentalliance.org/", "normalized": "http://www.opencontentalliance.org/", "host": "www.opencontentalliance.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Content Alliance", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/Content Display.cfm&ContentID=108705. 65. Open Access Alliance, http://www.opencontentalliance.org/; “The Open Content Alliance,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter, no. 91 (November 2, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-05.htm.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0209", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-05.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-05.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "119", "pdfPages": "134", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "65. Open Access Alliance, http://www.opencontentalliance.org/; “The Open Content Alliance,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter, no. 91 (November 2, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-05.htm. Countering Enclosure 119", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0210", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/clirinhouse/house19.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/clirinhouse/house19.html", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "(November–December 2003), http://www.clir.org/pubs/ clirinhouse/house19.html. 67. Philip Pothen, “Building a Common Information Environment,” CILIP Library/Information", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0211", "printed": "http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm", "normalized": "http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm", "host": "www.cilip.org.uk", "nearbyProject": "Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "(December 2003), http://www.cilip.org.uk/ publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm 68. National Science Foundation, “The National Science Digital Library: About NSDL,” http://nsdl.org/about/index.php; Lee Zia, “The NSF National Science,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0212", "printed": "http://nsdl.org/about/index.php", "normalized": "http://nsdl.org/about/index.php", "host": "nsdl.org", "nearbyProject": "National Science Digital Library", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm 68. National Science Foundation, “The National Science Digital Library: About NSDL,” http://nsdl.org/about/index.php; Lee Zia, “The NSF National Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education Digital Library (NSDL) Program: New Projects and a Progress Report,” D-Lib Magazine 7/11 (Novem-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0213", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education Digital Library (NSDL) Program: New Projects and a Progress Report,” D-Lib Magazine 7/11 (Novem- ber 2001), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html. 69. See http://www.digitalpromise.org. See also Thomas Kalil, Designing a Digital Opportunity Investment Trust: An Information Commons for e-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0214", "printed": "http://www.digitalpromise.org", "normalized": "http://www.digitalpromise.org", "host": "www.digitalpromise.org", "nearbyProject": "Digital Promise", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Program: New Projects and a Progress Report,” D-Lib Magazine 7/11 (Novem- ber 2001), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html. 69. See http://www.digitalpromise.org. See also Thomas Kalil, Designing a Digital Opportunity Investment Trust: An Information Commons for e- Learning (Washington, DC: New America Foundation, June 2002), http://", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0215", "printed": "http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=848&T2=Article", "normalized": "http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=848&T2=Article", "host": "www.newamerica.net", "nearbyProject": "New America Foundation", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "69. See http://www.digitalpromise.org. See also Thomas Kalil, Designing a Digital Opportunity Investment Trust: An Information Commons for e- Learning (Washington, DC: New America Foundation, June 2002), http:// www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=848&T2= Article. A bill to support this effort, “The Digital Opportunity (HR2512) Trust Act,” was introduced in the House of Reprentatives on May 19, 2005. 70. Donald Waters, chapter 6, this volume.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0216", "printed": "http://lockss.stanford.edu/", "normalized": "http://lockss.stanford.edu/", "host": "lockss.stanford.edu", "nearbyProject": "LOCKSS", "contextClassifications": [ "educational / reference resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Act,” was introduced in the House of Reprentatives on May 19, 2005. 70. Donald Waters, chapter 6, this volume. 71. LOCKSS [website]. http://lockss.stanford.edu/. 72. For more background on learning communities, see John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, “Universities in the Digital Age,” in Brian L. Hawkins and Patri-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0217", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub122/pub122web.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub122/pub122web.pdf", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "120", "pdfPages": "135", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "63/3 (March 2002): 190–192. 73. Scott Bennett, Libraries Designed for Learning (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, November 2003), 43–44, http:// www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub122/pub122web.pdf. 74. Donald Beagle, “Extending the Information Commons: From Instructional Testbed to Internet2,” Journal of Academic Librarianship 28/5 (September", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0218", "printed": "http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/frameindex.asp?LostChild=http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/LC/", "normalized": "http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/frameindex.asp?LostChild=http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/LC/", "host": "www.universitycollege.iupui.edu", "nearbyProject": "IUPUI University College", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "121", "pdfPages": "136", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Libraries News 62/10 (November 2001): 1008–1011. See also “IUPUI First Year Seminars,” http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/frameindex.asp?LostChild= http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/LC/. 77. The Information Access Alliance website, http://www.informationaccess. org/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0219", "printed": "http://www.informationaccess.org/", "normalized": "http://www.informationaccess.org/", "host": "www.informationaccess.org", "nearbyProject": "Information Access Alliance", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "121", "pdfPages": "136", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/frameindex.asp?LostChild= http://www.universitycollege.iupui.edu/LC/. 77. The Information Access Alliance website, http://www.informationaccess. org/. 78. Association of College and Research Libraries, Association of Research Libraries, SPARC, Create Change: New Systems of Scholarly Communication", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0220", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlissues/scholarlycomm/scholarlycommunicationtoolkit/toolkit.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlissues/scholarlycomm/scholarlycommunicationtoolkit/toolkit.htm", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "121", "pdfPages": "136", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf. 79. Association for College and Research Libraries, Scholarly Communication Toolkit (Chicago: American Library Association, 2005), http://www.ala.org/ ala/acrl/acrlissues/scholarlycomm/scholarlycommunicationtoolkit/toolkit.htm. 80. For background information and licensing forms, see Creative Commons, website, http://creativecommons.org/. See also Glenn Otis Brown, “Academic", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0221", "printed": "http://www.syllabus.com/article.asp?id=7475", "normalized": "http://www.syllabus.com/article.asp?id=7475", "host": "www.syllabus.com", "nearbyProject": "Syllabus", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "121", "pdfPages": "136", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "website, http://creativecommons.org/. See also Glenn Otis Brown, “Academic Digital Rights: A Walk on the Creative Commons,” Syllabus (April 1, 2003), http://www.syllabus.com/article.asp?id=7475; Richard Poynder, “Reclaiming the Digital Commons: Investigative Report,” Information Today 20/6 (June 2003): 33–35.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0222", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub108/evolution.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub108/evolution.html", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "121", "pdfPages": "136", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "84. Wendy Pradt Lougee, Diffuse Libraries: Emergent Roles for the Research Library in the Digital Age (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Informa- tion Resources, August 2002), 4, http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub108/ evolution.html. 85. Ostrom and Hess, chapter 3, this volume; Hess and Ostrom, 2003. 86. “Evolution in Open Access: Biomed Central Alters Its Membership Model,”", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0223", "printed": "http://senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "normalized": "http://senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "host": "senate.uconn.edu", "nearbyProject": "University of Connecticut Senate", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "121", "pdfPages": "136-137", "chapters": [ "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Change,” Library Journal Academic Newswire (February 17, 2004). 88. See, for example, University of Connecticut Faculty Senate, Report and Res- olution on the Crisis in Scholarly Communication (February 9, 2004), http:// Countering Enclosure 121 [continues on next PDF page] senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm. See", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0224", "printed": "senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "normalized": "senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "host": "senate.uconn.edu", "nearbyProject": "University of Connecticut Senate", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "122", "pdfPages": "137", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm. See also Christopher A. Reed, “Just Say No to Exploitative Publishers of Science Journals,” Chronicle of Higher Education (February 20, 2004), and “One Year", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0225", "printed": "http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/groups/CIC/archive/Report/ScholarlyCommSummitReport_Feb04.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/groups/CIC/archive/Report/ScholarlyCommSummitReport_Feb04.pdf", "host": "www.cic.uiuc.edu", "nearbyProject": "Committee on Institutional Cooperation", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "122", "pdfPages": "137", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "90. Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), Report of the CIC Summit on Scholarly Communication in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Chicago: Committee on Institutional Cooperation December 2, 2003), http://www.cic .uiuc.edu/groups/CIC/archive/Report/ScholarlyCommSummitReport_Feb04.pdf. 91. Carol M. Rose, Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory, and Rhetoric of Ownership (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 6.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0226", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm", "host": "www.law.duke.edu", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "122", "pdfPages": "137", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "Rhetoric of Ownership (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 6. 92. James Boyle, “A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?”, 1997, http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm. 93. Frederick Emrich, Welcome to Info-Commons.org (Washington, DC: American Library Association, June 2002), http://info-commons.org/arch/1/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0227", "printed": "Info-Commons.org", "normalized": "Info-Commons.org", "host": "info-commons.org", "nearbyProject": "Info-Commons / American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "122", "pdfPages": "137", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "92. James Boyle, “A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?”, 1997, http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm. 93. Frederick Emrich, Welcome to Info-Commons.org (Washington, DC: American Library Association, June 2002), http://info-commons.org/arch/1/ editor.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0228", "printed": "http://info-commons.org/arch/1/editor.html", "normalized": "http://info-commons.org/arch/1/editor.html", "host": "info-commons.org", "nearbyProject": "Info-Commons / American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "122", "pdfPages": "137", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "Net?”, 1997, http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm. 93. Frederick Emrich, Welcome to Info-Commons.org (Washington, DC: American Library Association, June 2002), http://info-commons.org/arch/1/ editor.html. 122 Nancy Kranich", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0229", "printed": "scratchdj.com", "normalized": "scratchdj.com", "host": "scratchdj.com", "nearbyProject": "scratchdj.com", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "129", "pdfPages": "144", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "This information system is vital and dynamic because information sharing is almost frictionless. Material is passed along at low cost with few practical or legal barriers. Jeff Dalehite, webmaster of , is free to post the details of the early history of the phonograph without seeking the consent of his sources. Dalehite's site tells us that Thomas Edison invented the cylinder phono-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0230", "printed": "http://james-boyle.com", "normalized": "http://james-boyle.com", "host": "james-boyle.com", "nearbyProject": "James Boyle", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "140", "pdfPages": "155", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "large scholarly commons indeed. Notes This work is also made available on the author's website, http://james-boyle.com, under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, No- Derivs License; see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/. It draws", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0231", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/", "host": "creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "140", "pdfPages": "155", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "This work is also made available on the author's website, http://james-boyle.com, under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, No- Derivs License; see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/. It draws on sections of a manuscript in progress called “The Public Domain: An Environmentalism for Information.”", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0232", "printed": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf", "normalized": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf", "host": "www.law.wayne.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.law.wayne.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf.) See also Yochai Benkler, Coase's Penguin or Linux and the Nature of the Firm, http:// www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF; James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0233", "printed": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF", "normalized": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF", "host": "www.benkler.org", "nearbyProject": "Yochai Benkler", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf.) See also Yochai Benkler, Coase's Penguin or Linux and the Nature of the Firm, http:// www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF; James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement.” 7. Jeffrey Selingo, “When a Search Engine Isn't Enough, Call a Librarian,” New", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0234", "printed": "http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html", "host": "www.hbci.com", "nearbyProject": "www.hbci.com", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "Reference & User Services Quarterly 38:4(summer 1999):360–368. 8. See http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html and http://www", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0235", "printed": "http://www.elecdesign.com/", "normalized": "http://www.elecdesign.com/", "host": "www.elecdesign.com", "nearbyProject": "www.elecdesign.com", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html and http://www .elecdesign.com/. 9. Litman, “Sharing and Stealing”. 10. “Law French” was an increasingly corrupt variety of Norman French used", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0236", "printed": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_French", "normalized": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_French", "host": "en.wikipedia.org", "nearbyProject": "Wikipedia", "contextClassifications": [ "software / technical infrastructure" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "in the English common law. Its users believed that its arcane terminology gave greater precision while, to outsiders, it appeared merely another way to make the legal system incomprehensible to the laity. See http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Law_French and Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). 11. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Forecasting the Telephone: A Retrospective Technology", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0237", "printed": "http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/121901_ss7.html", "normalized": "http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/121901_ss7.html", "host": "knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu", "nearbyProject": "knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "11. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Forecasting the Telephone: A Retrospective Technology Assessment (Norwood, NJ: ABLEX, 1983). 12. The true number was closer to 10,000,000; http://knowledge.wharton .upenn.edu/121901_ss7.html some estimates there are now closer to 1 billion cell phones worldwide. 13. Eric Von Hippel is the undisputed master of the literature on user-based", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0238", "printed": "http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ.htm", "normalized": "http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ.htm", "host": "web.mit.edu", "nearbyProject": "web.mit.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "141", "pdfPages": "156", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "13. Eric Von Hippel is the undisputed master of the literature on user-based innovation. See his Democratizing Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), available in full online at http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ.htm. Allowing users to participate, formally or informally, in the shaping of reposi- tories obviously runs into a nontrivial design problem because of the “negative", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0239", "printed": "http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/18/medline.idg/", "normalized": "http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/18/medline.idg/", "host": "edition.cnn.com", "nearbyProject": "edition.cnn.com", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "142", "pdfPages": "157", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "that is to say, easy to fix. 15. See Elana Varon, “Medline Plus: Online Medical Info for Ordinary People,” http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/18/medline.idg/. “Although the National Library of Medicine has always provided information to the public, its resources, including online databases, were designed for medical professionals.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0240", "printed": "http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/", "normalized": "http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/", "host": "www.nlm.nih.gov", "nearbyProject": "www.nlm.nih.gov", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "142", "pdfPages": "157", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "information through the Internet, and there is growing public demand for health information.” Medline Plus can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. See also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/, a site that offers the following resources: “PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 14 million", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0241", "printed": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/", "normalized": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/", "host": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "nearbyProject": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "142", "pdfPages": "157", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "information.” Medline Plus can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. See also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/, a site that offers the following resources: “PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 14 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These citations are from", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0242", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "142", "pdfPages": "157", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "medical literature is vital for patient groups and advocates. See In the Public Interest: Open Access and Public Policy, 2005 ACRL/SPARC Forum (2005), http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report. pdf. 17. From the Budapest Open Access Initiative website, http://www.soros.org/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0243", "printed": "http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813.html", "normalized": "http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813.html", "host": "www.bio-itworld.com", "nearbyProject": "www.bio-itworld.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "142", "pdfPages": "157", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "openaccess/. 18. Grant Gross, “Bill Seeks Free Access to Federally Funded Research.” BIO- IT World (July 1, 2003), http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813 .html. I support the overall goal of wider and freer access, but the tool chosen is a blunt and unfortunate one. 19. See Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement; Benkler, Coase's Penguin.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0244", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf", "host": "www.law.duke.edu", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "143", "pdfPages": "158", "chapters": [ "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material" ], "representativeText": "works. And even gaining access to old films and music is often hard even for professional scholars. See “Duke Center for the Study of the Public Domain: Comments to the Copyright Office on Orphan Works,” http://www.law.duke .edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf. 22. See Von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation. Mertonianism Unbound?", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0245", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/principlesstrategies.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/principlesstrategies.htm", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "larly Communication.” http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/ principlesstrategies.htm. Ayre, Catherine, and Adrienne Muir. 2004. “The Right to Preserve: The Rights Issues of Digital Preservation.” D-Lib Magazine 10(3). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0246", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march04/ayre/03ayre.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march04/ayre/03ayre.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "principlesstrategies.htm. Ayre, Catherine, and Adrienne Muir. 2004. “The Right to Preserve: The Rights Issues of Digital Preservation.” D-Lib Magazine 10(3). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/ march04/ayre/03ayre.html. Barton, Mary R., and Julie Harford Walker. 2003. “Building a Business Plan for DSpace, MIT Libraries' Digital Institutional Repository.” Journal of Digital", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0247", "printed": "http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Barton/", "normalized": "http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Barton/", "host": "jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Barton, Mary R., and Julie Harford Walker. 2003. “Building a Business Plan for DSpace, MIT Libraries' Digital Institutional Repository.” Journal of Digital Information 4(2). http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Barton/. Beagrie, Neil. 2003. National Digital Preservation Initiatives: An Overview of Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0248", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub116/pub116.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub116/pub116.pdf", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom and of Related International Activity. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources and the Library of Congress. http://www.clir.org/pubs/ reports/pub116/pub116.pdf. Beagrie, Neil. 2005. “Plenty of Room at the Bottom? Personal Digital Libraries and Collections.” D-Lib Magazine 11(6). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0249", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/beagrie/06beagrie.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/beagrie/06beagrie.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "reports/pub116/pub116.pdf. Beagrie, Neil. 2005. “Plenty of Room at the Bottom? Personal Digital Libraries and Collections.” D-Lib Magazine 11(6). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/ beagrie/06beagrie.html. Buchanan, James M. 1965. “An Economic Theory of Clubs.” Economica, New Series, 32(125):1–14.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0250", "printed": "http://www.diglib.org/preserve/ejp.htm", "normalized": "http://www.diglib.org/preserve/ejp.htm", "host": "www.diglib.org", "nearbyProject": "www.diglib.org", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Cantara, Linda, ed. 2003. Archiving Electronic Journals: Research Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Washington, DC: Digital Library Federa- tion, Council on Library and Information Resources. http://www.diglib.org/ preserve/ejp.htm. Carlson, Scott. 2005. “Scholars Note ‘Decay' of Citations to Online References.” Chronicle of Higher Education 51(28):A30.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0251", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/IR/IR_Final_Release_102.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/IR/IR_Final_Release_102.pdf", "host": "www.arl.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "164", "pdfPages": "179", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Crow, Raym. 2002. The Case for Institutional Repositories: A SPARC Position Paper. Release 1.0. Washington, DC: Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition. http://www.arl.org/sparc/IR/IR_Final_Release_102.pdf. Dellavalle, Robert, Eric Hester, Lauren Heilig, Amanda Drake, Jeff Kuntzman, Marla Graber, and Lisa Schilling. 2003. “Going, Going, Gone: Lost Internet", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0252", "printed": "http://www.portico.org/about/Portico.Overview.CENL.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.portico.org/about/Portico.Overview.CENL.pdf", "host": "www.portico.org", "nearbyProject": "www.portico.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Fenton, Eileen. 2005. “Overview of Portico: An Electronic Archiving Service.” Conference of European Librarians, Luxembourg, September 30, 2005. http://www.portico.org/about/Portico.Overview.CENL.pdf. Foster, Andrea L. 2003. “Elsevier's Vanishing Act.” Chronicle of Higher Education 49(18):A27.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0253", "printed": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/digital-repositories-review-2005.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/digital-repositories-review-2005.pdf", "host": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Heery, Rachel, and Sheila Anderson. 2005. Digital Repositories Review. A Report to Accompany the Joint Information Systems Committee Digital Repositories Programme Call in February 2005. http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded _documents/digital-repositories-review-2005.pdf. Ho, James. 2005. “Hyperlink Obsolescence in Scholarly Online Journals.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10(3), article 15. http://jcmc", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0254", "printed": "http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/ho.html", "normalized": "http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/ho.html", "host": "jcmc.indiana.edu", "nearbyProject": "Indiana University", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "_documents/digital-repositories-review-2005.pdf. Ho, James. 2005. “Hyperlink Obsolescence in Scholarly Online Journals.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10(3), article 15. http://jcmc .indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/ho.html. Hobbes, Thomas. [1651] 1934. Leviathan. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Honey, Sadie L. 2005. “Preservation of Electronic Scholarly Publishing: An", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0255", "printed": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/ejournalsfinal.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/ejournalsfinal.pdf", "host": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Jones, Maggie. 2003. Archiving E-Journals Consultancy: Final Report. Report Commissioned by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/ejournalsfinal.pdf. Lapelerie, François. 2003. “Re: Vanishing Act.” E-mail to liblicense-l@yale.edu, January 23. http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00092", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0256", "printed": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00092.html", "normalized": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00092.html", "host": "www.library.yale.edu", "nearbyProject": "Liblicense / Yale University Library", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/ejournalsfinal.pdf. Lapelerie, François. 2003. “Re: Vanishing Act.” E-mail to liblicense-l@yale.edu, January 23. http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00092 .html. Lavoie, Brian F. 2003. “The Incentives to Preserve Digital Materials: Roles, Scenarios, and Economic Decision-Making.” White paper published electroni-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0257", "printed": "http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/digipres/incentives-dp.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/digipres/incentives-dp.pdf", "host": "www.oclc.org", "nearbyProject": "www.oclc.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "OCLC Research. http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/digipres/ incentives-dp.pdf. Lavoie, Brian F. 2004. “Of Mice and Memory: Economically Sustainable Preser- vation for the Twenty-first Century.” Access in the Future Tense, 45–54. Wash-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0258", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub126abst.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub126abst.html", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "165", "pdfPages": "180", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Lavoie, Brian F. 2004. “Of Mice and Memory: Economically Sustainable Preser- vation for the Twenty-first Century.” Access in the Future Tense, 45–54. Wash- ington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources. http://www.clir.org/ pubs/abstract/pub126abst.html. Lawrence, Steve, David Pennock, Gay William Flake, Robert Krovetz, Frans Coetzee, Eric Glover, Finn Årup Nielsen, Andries Kruger, and C. Lee Giles. 2001.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0259", "printed": "http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/repor/ndiipp_plan.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/repor/ndiipp_plan.pdf", "host": "www.digitalpreservation.gov", "nearbyProject": "www.digitalpreservation.gov", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "166", "pdfPages": "181", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Library of Congress. 2002. 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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0261", "printed": "http://www.alpsp.org/arcsm00.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.alpsp.org/arcsm00.pdf", "host": "www.alpsp.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "166", "pdfPages": "181", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "University Press. Morris, Sally. 2000. “Archiving Electronic Publications: What Are the Problems and Who Should Solve Them?” Serials Review 26(3):65–68. http://www.alpsp .org/arcsm00.pdf. O'Donnell, James. 2003. “Re: Vanishing Act.” E-mail to liblicense-l@yale.edu, January 29. http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00118", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0262", "printed": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00118.html", "normalized": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00118.html", "host": "www.library.yale.edu", "nearbyProject": "Liblicense / Yale University Library", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "166", "pdfPages": "181", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".org/arcsm00.pdf. O'Donnell, James. 2003. “Re: Vanishing Act.” E-mail to liblicense-l@yale.edu, January 29. http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0301/msg00118 .html. Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0263", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/reich/06reich.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/reich/06reich.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "166", "pdfPages": "181", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Science 284 (April 9): 278–282. Reich, Vicky, and David Rosenthal. 2001. “Lockss: A Permanent Publishing and Web Access System.” D-Lib Magazine 7(6). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/ reich/06reich.html. Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. 2003. “Platform Competition in Two- Sided Markets.” Journal of the European Economic Association 1(4):990–1029.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0264", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november05/rosenthal/11rosenthal.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november05/rosenthal/11rosenthal.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "166", "pdfPages": "181", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Rosenthal, David, Thomas Robertson, Tom Lipkis, Vicky Reich, and Seth Morabito. 2005. “Requirements for Digital Preservation Systems: A Bottom-Up Approach.” D-Lib Magazine 11(11). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november05/ rosenthal/11rosenthal.html. Schonfeld, Roger, Donald King, Ann Okerson, and Eileen Gifford Fenton. 2004. “Library Periodicals Expenses: Comparison of Non-Subscription Costs of Print", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0265", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january04/schonfeld/01schonfeld.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january04/schonfeld/01schonfeld.html", "host": "www.dlib.org", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "166", "pdfPages": "181", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "“Library Periodicals Expenses: Comparison of Non-Subscription Costs of Print and Electronic Formats on a Life-Cycle Basis.” D-Lib Magazine 10(1). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january04/schonfeld/01schonfeld.html. Tenner, Edward. 2002. “Taking Bytes from Oblivion.” U.S. News & World Report 132 (April 1): 66–67.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0266", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub107abst.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub107abst.html", "host": "www.clir.org", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "167", "pdfPages": "182", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Digital Preservation: An International Perspective. Conference Proceedings, 78–95. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub107abst.html. Waters, Donald J., and John Garrett, eds. 1996. Preserving Digital Information: Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. Washington, DC,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0267", "printed": "http://www.rlg.org/ArchTF/", "normalized": "http://www.rlg.org/ArchTF/", "host": "www.rlg.org", "nearbyProject": "Research Libraries Group", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "167", "pdfPages": "182", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information. Washington, DC, and Mountain View, CA: Commission on Preservation and Access and Research Libraries Group. http://www.rlg.org/ArchTF/. Weiss, Rick. 2003. “On the Web, Research Work Proves Ephemeral: Electronic Archivists Are Playing Catch-Up in Trying to Keep Documents from Landing in", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0268", "printed": "http://ssrn.com/abstract=459362", "normalized": "http://ssrn.com/abstract=459362", "host": "ssrn.com", "nearbyProject": "ssrn.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "167", "pdfPages": "182", "chapters": [ "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "History's Dustbin.” Washington Post (November 24): A08. Wright, Julian. 2003. One-Sided Logic in Two-Sided Markets. AEI-Brookings Joint Center Working Paper No. 03-10. http://ssrn.com/abstract=459362. Preserving the Knowledge Commons 167", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0269", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "197, 202", "pdfPages": "212-213, 217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "1. For more detail on the definition of “open access,” and some of the discrep- ancies among the published definitions, see Peter Suber, “How Should We Define ‘Open Access'?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (August 2, 2004), http:// Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 197 [continues on next PDF page] www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define. For an introduc-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0270", "printed": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "normalized": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define. For an introduc- tion designed for those new to the concept, see Peter Suber, Open Access Overview, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0271", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define. For an introduc- tion designed for those new to the concept, see Peter Suber, Open Access Overview, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm. 2. BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science, the two largest OA publishers, both use the Creative Commons Attribution license. See", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0272", "printed": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright", "normalized": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright", "host": "www.biomedcentral.com", "nearbyProject": "BioMed Central", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "2. BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science, the two largest OA publishers, both use the Creative Commons Attribution license. See http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright and http://www.plos.org/ journals/license.html. I have used the same license for my newsletter on open access", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0273", "printed": "http://www.plos.org/journals/license.html", "normalized": "http://www.plos.org/journals/license.html", "host": "www.plos.org", "nearbyProject": "Public Library of Science", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "2. BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science, the two largest OA publishers, both use the Creative Commons Attribution license. See http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright and http://www.plos.org/ journals/license.html. I have used the same license for my newsletter on open access since", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0274", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/archive.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/archive.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "July 2003, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/ archive.htm. Author rights can be enforced through copyright law, licensing contracts, or informal norms in the scholarly community. Creative Commons licenses are most", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0275", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource", "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "198, 199", "pdfPages": "213, 214", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "munity standards, rather than copyright law, will continue to provide the mech- anism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.” See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 3. Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read .shtml.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0276", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml", "host": "www.soros.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "anism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.” See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 3. Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read .shtml. 4. Open Archives Initiative, http://www.openarchives.org/. Raym Crow, A Guide to Institutional Repository Software, Open Society Institute, version 2.0,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0277", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software/", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software/", "host": "www.soros.org", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Guide to Institutional Repository Software, Open Society Institute, version 2.0, January 2004 (a guide to the open-source software for building and maintain- ing OAI-compliant archives). http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software/. 5. Despite the fact that peer review consists of donated time and clerical tasks, the costs are greater than most authors would guess. A recent review of the lit-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0278", "printed": "http://miranda.ingentaselect.com/vl=4928683/cl=179/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/catchword/alpsp/09531513/v15n4/s2/p247", "normalized": "http://miranda.ingentaselect.com/vl=4928683/cl=179/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/catchword/alpsp/09531513/v15n4/s2/p247", "host": "miranda.ingentaselect.com", "nearbyProject": "miranda.ingentaselect.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "“The Peer-Review Process,” Learned Publishing 15/4 (October 2002): 247– 258, http://miranda.ingentaselect.com/vl=4928683/cl=179/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/ linker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/catchword/alpsp/09531513/v15n4/s2/p247. The cost of peer review will drop steadily as more and more of the necessary clerical tasks are automated by journal-management software.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0279", "printed": "http://www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcomplete.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcomplete.pdf", "host": "www.alpsp.org", "nearbyProject": "Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "6. Cara Kaufman and Alma Wills determined that the figure is 47 percent. See their report, The Facts about Open Access, ALPSP (October 11, 2005), http://www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcomplete.pdf. 7. I am not saying that scholarly journals, like broadcast TV programs, can support themselves through advertising, merely that they can support themselves", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0280", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cortex.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cortex.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "198", "pdfPages": "213", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "arship Movement Stand Today?”, Cortex 38/2 (April 2002): 261–264, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cortex.htm. 198 Peter Suber", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0281", "printed": "http://www.philosophersimprint.org/", "normalized": "http://www.philosophersimprint.org/", "host": "www.philosophersimprint.org", "nearbyProject": "www.philosophersimprint.org", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "199", "pdfPages": "214", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, calling on others to follow suit. See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 9. See http://www.philosophersimprint.org/. 10. See below for some reasons to think that some book authors could be per- suaded, including evidence that free online full text might stimulate a net increase", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0282", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/12-02-03.htm#payingauthors", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/12-02-03.htm#payingauthors", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "199", "pdfPages": "214", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Proceedings (May 2001), http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html. 12. But see my “Open Access When Authors Are Paid,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (December 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/12-02-03.htm#payingauthors. 13. I discuss the connection between author donation and academic freedom in “The End for Free Online Content?”, Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (June", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0283", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-08-01.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-08-01.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "199", "pdfPages": "214", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "13. I discuss the connection between author donation and academic freedom in “The End for Free Online Content?”, Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (June 8, 2001), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-08-01.htm. 14. Strong copyright protections may be part of the incentive for authors of royalty-producing genres, but not for authors of scholarly journal articles. One", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0284", "printed": "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15022002-015414-4119r", "normalized": "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15022002-015414-4119r", "host": "www.upi.com", "nearbyProject": "www.upi.com", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "199", "pdfPages": "214", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "publishers, not authors. See Sam Vaknin, “Copyright and Scholarship: Interview with Peter Suber, Part I,” United Press International (February 19, 2002), http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15022002-015414-4119r. 15. A common misunderstanding among nonacademics, and even some aca- demic publishers, is that OA appeals primarily to scholarly readers, not schol-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0285", "printed": "http://www.title17.com/contentStatute/chpt01/sec105.html", "normalized": "http://www.title17.com/contentStatute/chpt01/sec105.html", "host": "www.title17.com", "nearbyProject": "www.title17.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "199", "pdfPages": "214", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ment had to incubate for a while before it was possible to recruit eminent sci- entists and scholars to OA journal editorial boards. 17. In the United States, this is mandated by 17 USC 105, http:// www.title17.com/contentStatute/chpt01/sec105.html. Peter Veeck encountered a Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 199", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0286", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "of the text. See my “When Public Laws Are in the Public Domain and When They Are Not,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (June 25, 2001), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm. Also see Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress, 5th Cir., No. 99-40632, en banc decision, June 7, 2002, http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0287", "printed": "http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html", "normalized": "http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html", "host": "laws.findlaw.com", "nearbyProject": "laws.findlaw.com", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm. Also see Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress, 5th Cir., No. 99-40632, en banc decision, June 7, 2002, http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html. 18. On December 6, 2001, the French Académie des Sciences released a public statement calling on the European Commission not to apply copyright rules for", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0288", "printed": "http://www.revues.org/calenda/nouvelle1580.html", "normalized": "http://www.revues.org/calenda/nouvelle1580.html", "host": "www.revues.org", "nearbyProject": "www.revues.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "royalty-producing content to scientific publications for which the authors seek no payment. See “Pétition sur la Directive européenne” (December 6, 2001), http://www.revues.org/calenda/nouvelle1580.html. 19. For example, see Francis Muguet's “Activity Report” (October 24, 2003) on negotiations to produce a meaningful endorsement of OA at the World Summit", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0289", "printed": "http://www.wsis-si.org/si-prepcom3-report.html", "normalized": "http://www.wsis-si.org/si-prepcom3-report.html", "host": "www.wsis-si.org", "nearbyProject": "www.wsis-si.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "for the Information Society. The negotiations were thwarted again and again by the common misunderstanding that all literature is royalty-producing literature. See http://www.wsis-si.org/si-prepcom3-report.html. 20. I discuss the distinction between royalty-free and royalty-producing content, and the three phases of the OA movement, in “Not Napster for Science,” SPARC", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0290", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-02-03.htm#notnapster", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-02-03.htm#notnapster", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "20. I discuss the distinction between royalty-free and royalty-producing content, and the three phases of the OA movement, in “Not Napster for Science,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (October 2, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/10-02-03.htm#notnapster. 21. See below. 22. When the author and copyright holder differ, then it is the copyright holder's", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0291", "printed": "http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php", "normalized": "http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php", "host": "www.sherpa.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.sherpa.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "authors to deposit the postprint in an OA archive. See the database of publisher policies on copyright and OA archiving maintained by Project SHERPA, http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php. 23. Martin O. Sabo, Public Access to Science Act (HR 2613), submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on June 26, 2003. See http://thomas.loc.gov/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0292", "printed": "http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613", "normalized": "http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613", "host": "thomas.loc.gov", "nearbyProject": "thomas.loc.gov", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php. 23. Martin O. Sabo, Public Access to Science Act (HR 2613), submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on June 26, 2003. See http://thomas.loc.gov/ cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613: (the final colon is part of the URL). Also see my “Martin Sabo's Public Access to Science Act,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (July 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0293", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm#sabo", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm#sabo", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "200", "pdfPages": "215", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613: (the final colon is part of the URL). Also see my “Martin Sabo's Public Access to Science Act,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (July 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm #sabo. 200 Peter Suber", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0294", "printed": "http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/computing/20031016-1421-openaccessscience.html", "normalized": "http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/computing/20031016-1421-openaccessscience.html", "host": "www.signonsandiego.com", "nearbyProject": "www.signonsandiego.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "201", "pdfPages": "216", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "single article. The PLoS servers could not handle the traffic and crashed. See Paul Elias, “Free Online Journal Seeks Revolution in Science Publishing,” Associated Press (October 16, 2003), http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/computing/ 20031016-1421-openaccessscience.html. Is this a negligible exception? Or should web traffic and server load count as diminution of a common, Internet resource? If so, then the Internet cannot support true nonrivalrous commons,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0295", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#consentqueries", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#consentqueries", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "201", "pdfPages": "216", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ally every time they want to go beyond fair use. See the Budapest Open Access Initiative FAQ, “Must Users Ask the Author (or Copyright Holder) for Consent Every Time They Wish to Make or Distribute a Copy?”, http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#consentqueries. 27. Because OA depends on the digital character and worldwide reach of the Internet, it was physically impossible in the age of print. But how close could we", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0296", "printed": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/charter", "normalized": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/charter", "host": "www.biomedcentral.com", "nearbyProject": "BioMed Central", "contextClassifications": [ "educational / reference resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "and labour? It would then become available to other scholars, even if it could not be published. 28. Also see BMC's Open Access Charter, http://www.biomedcentral.com/ info/about/charter. I outline several other steps taken by BMC in Lila Guterman and Peter Suber, “Colloquy on Open Access Publishing,” Chronicle of Higher Education", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0297", "printed": "http://chronicle.com/colloquylive/2004/01/openaccess/", "normalized": "http://chronicle.com/colloquylive/2004/01/openaccess/", "host": "chronicle.com", "nearbyProject": "Chronicle of Higher Education", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "and Peter Suber, “Colloquy on Open Access Publishing,” Chronicle of Higher Education (January 29, 2004), http://chronicle.com/colloquylive/2004/01/ openaccess/. 29. Peter Suber, “How Should We Define ‘Open Access'?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (August 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0298", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2003/june4/widespreadcademic.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2003/june4/widespreadcademic.htm", "host": "www.ala.org", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "(June 2003), http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/ backissues2003/june4/widespreadcademic.htm. 31. I first pointed this out in “Predictions for 2004,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0299", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-02-04.htm#predictions", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-02-04.htm#predictions", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "31. I first pointed this out in “Predictions for 2004,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (February 2, 2004) (prediction #3), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/fos/newsletter/02-02-04.htm#predictions. Shortly afterward (March 2, 2004), Yahoo announced a program to index OA content in a more useful form than is publicly available to its rivals only in a less useful form. See the Yahoo", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0300", "printed": "http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html", "normalized": "http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html", "host": "biz.yahoo.com", "nearbyProject": "biz.yahoo.com", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "2004), Yahoo announced a program to index OA content in a more useful form than is publicly available to its rivals only in a less useful form. See the Yahoo press release, http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html. In December 2004, Google announced its plan to digitize and index the full texts of millions of books from five major research libraries. See http://www.google.com/press/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0301", "printed": "http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.html", "normalized": "http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.html", "host": "www.google.com", "nearbyProject": "www.google.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "press release, http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html. In December 2004, Google announced its plan to digitize and index the full texts of millions of books from five major research libraries. See http://www.google.com/press/ pressrel/print_library.html. 32. I talk about these and related obstacles, including other vicious circles, in “Why FOS Progress Has Been Slow,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (May", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0302", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "32. I talk about these and related obstacles, including other vicious circles, in “Why FOS Progress Has Been Slow,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (May 15, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm, and “Dissemination Fees, Access Fees, and the Double Payment Problem,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (January 1, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0303", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "15, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm, and “Dissemination Fees, Access Fees, and the Double Payment Problem,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (January 1, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm. 33. See my catalog, University Actions against High Journal Prices, http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0304", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "202", "pdfPages": "217", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Online Scholarship Newsletter (January 1, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm. 33. See my catalog, University Actions against High Journal Prices, http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions. 34. Occasionally one hears the objection that elite research universities, which produce more research articles per capita than lesser institutions, will bear the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0305", "printed": "http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/lawrence.html", "normalized": "http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/lawrence.html", "host": "www.nature.com", "nearbyProject": "Nature", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "35. Steve Lawrence, “Free Online Availability Substantially Increases a Paper's Impact,” Nature (May 31, 2001), http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/ e-access/Articles/lawrence.html. 36. The Electronic Society for Social Science uses the phrase “instant reputa- tion” for success in this endeavor. See Manfredi La Manna, “The Story of ELSSS:", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0306", "printed": "http://www.elsss.org.uk/documents/CURL_11_03_02.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.elsss.org.uk/documents/CURL_11_03_02.pdf", "host": "www.elsss.org.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.elsss.org.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "tion” for success in this endeavor. See Manfredi La Manna, “The Story of ELSSS: A New Model of Partnership between Academics and Librarians” (May 11, 2002), http://www.elsss.org.uk/documents/CURL_11_03_02.pdf. For example, the Public Library of Science acquired instant reputation or instant prestige when it recruited Vivian Siegel to be its new editor-in-chief. Siegel was formerly the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0307", "printed": "http://www3.oup.co.uk/nar/special/14/default.html", "normalized": "http://www3.oup.co.uk/nar/special/14/default.html", "host": "www3.oup.co.uk", "nearbyProject": "www3.oup.co.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "an ISI rating as one of the “hottest” journals of the decade in biology and bio- chemistry. After a period of OA experimentation, NAR decided in June 2004 to make a full conversion to OA, effective January 2005. See http://www3 .oup.co.uk/nar/special/14/default.html. 38. See John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Indianapolis: Hackett [1859] 1982), 88: Without doubt, abstinence on one day in the week, so far as the exigencies of", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0308", "printed": "http://laws.findlaw.com/us/301/548.html", "normalized": "http://laws.findlaw.com/us/301/548.html", "host": "laws.findlaw.com", "nearbyProject": "laws.findlaw.com", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "that the law should guarantee to each, the observance by others of the custom, by suspending the greater operations of industry on a particular day. 39. Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 588 (1937). See http:// laws.findlaw.com/us/301/548.html. 40. The Wellcome Trust adopted such a policy on October 1, 2005. The WT is the largest private funder of medical research in the UK, giving £400 million per", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0309", "printed": "http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html", "normalized": "http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html", "host": "www.wellcome.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.wellcome.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "40. The Wellcome Trust adopted such a policy on October 1, 2005. The WT is the largest private funder of medical research in the UK, giving £400 million per year in research grants. See http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html. I proposed a policy along these lines in my Model Open-Access Policy for Foun- dation Research Grants", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0310", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/foundations.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/foundations.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "I proposed a policy along these lines in my Model Open-Access Policy for Foun- dation Research Grants (July 8, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/ fos/foundations.htm. 41. In July 2004, the U.S. House Appropriations Committee asked the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to require free online access to articles arising from", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0311", "printed": "http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm", "normalized": "http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm", "host": "www.nih.gov", "nearbyProject": "www.nih.gov", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "NIH-funded research. By the time the NIH actually adopted a policy, however, it had been weakened to a mere request. The NIH public-access policy took effect on May 2, 2005; see http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm. For some of the procedural history, see my FAQ on the NIH policy, http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm. Also in July 2004, the UK House of", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0312", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "203", "pdfPages": "218", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "had been weakened to a mere request. The NIH public-access policy took effect on May 2, 2005; see http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm. For some of the procedural history, see my FAQ on the NIH policy, http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm. Also in July 2004, the UK House of Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 203", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0313", "printed": "http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/399/39902.htm", "normalized": "http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/399/39902.htm", "host": "www.publications.parliament.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.publications.parliament.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "UK (RCUK), which actually disburse publicly funded research grants. For the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommendations, see http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/ 399/39902.htm. For the RCUK open-access policy, see http://www.rcuk.ac .uk/access/index.asp. I discuss the arguments for public access to publicly funded research in “The Taxpayer Argument for Open Access,” SPARC Open", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0314", "printed": "http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/access/index.asp", "normalized": "http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/access/index.asp", "host": "www.rcuk.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.rcuk.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommendations, see http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/ 399/39902.htm. For the RCUK open-access policy, see http://www.rcuk.ac .uk/access/index.asp. I discuss the arguments for public access to publicly funded research in “The Taxpayer Argument for Open Access,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (September 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0315", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-04-03.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-04-03.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": ".uk/access/index.asp. I discuss the arguments for public access to publicly funded research in “The Taxpayer Argument for Open Access,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (September 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/09-04-03.htm. 42. At the time of this writing, five universities mandate open access to their research output. For these and related university policies, see the Institutional", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0316", "printed": "http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/", "normalized": "http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/", "host": "www.eprints.org", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "42. At the time of this writing, five universities mandate open access to their research output. For these and related university policies, see the Institutional Self-Archiving Policy Registry, http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/. All universities that require OA do so through institutional repositories rather than OA journals. This preserves the freedom of faculty to publish in the jour-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0317", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/do.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/do.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "nals of their choice. I support versions of all three of these external forces or nudges—by private foundations, public funding agencies, and universities. See What You Can Do to Promote Open Access, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/ fos/do.htm. 43. See Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, “Authors and Open Access Publish- ing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004); Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0318", "printed": "http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/", "normalized": "http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/", "host": "eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "204, 205", "pdfPages": "219, 220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "43. See Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, “Authors and Open Access Publish- ing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004); Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study (May 2005). For details, see http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/ and http://cogprints.org/4385/. 44. I do not want to give the impression that all digital and nonrivalrous", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0319", "printed": "http://cogprints.org/4385/", "normalized": "http://cogprints.org/4385/", "host": "cogprints.org", "nearbyProject": "CogPrints", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "204, 205", "pdfPages": "219, 220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004); Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study (May 2005). For details, see http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/ and http://cogprints.org/4385/. 44. I do not want to give the impression that all digital and nonrivalrous commons inherently resist tragedies of depletion. For example, I believe that", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0320", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#manycopy", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#manycopy", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "deplete the usefulness of the medium. 45. See my “The Many-Copy Problem and the Many-Copy Solution,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/01-02-04.htm#manycopy. 46. Or, to be more precise: since OA to copyrighted content must be consen- sual, revoking consent to OA is fully effective in negating the status of OA. But", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0321", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/204", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/204", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "204", "pdfPages": "219", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "it could be completely ineffective at introducing access barriers to that content. 47. Versions of this material have appeared earlier as “It's the Authors, Stupid!”, in SPARC Open Access Newsletter (June 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/ 204 Peter Suber", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0322", "printed": "http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/24.html", "normalized": "http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/24.html", "host": "www.nature.com", "nearbyProject": "Nature", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "205", "pdfPages": "220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#authors, and as “The Primacy of Authors in Achieving Open Access,” in Nature (June 10, 2004), http://www.nature.com/ nature/focus/accessdebate/24.html. 48. When “presented with a list of reasons why they have not chosen to publish in an OA journal and asked to say which were important . . . the reason that", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0323", "printed": "http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf", "normalized": "http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf", "host": "ciber.soi.city.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "ciber.soi.city.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "205", "pdfPages": "220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "49. Ian Rowlands, Dave Nichols, and Paul Huntingdon, Scholarly Communi- cation in the Digital Environment: What Do Authors Want?, CIBER (March 18, 2004), http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf. 50. Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, JISC/OSI Journal Authors Survey Report (London: Key Perspectives Ltd., February 2004), http://www.jisc.ac.uk/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0324", "printed": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf", "host": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "nearbyProject": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "205", "pdfPages": "220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "2004), http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf. 50. Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, JISC/OSI Journal Authors Survey Report (London: Key Perspectives Ltd., February 2004), http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf. 51. I have heard this estimate from several sources but so far without docu- mentation. I do not vouch for the numbers. But the true numbers will very likely", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0325", "printed": "http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php", "normalized": "http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php", "host": "romeo.eprints.org", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "205", "pdfPages": "220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "surveyed journals permit authors to deposit the published version of their article in an OA repository. See the e-prints “Journal Policies—Summary Statistics So Far,” http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php. In addition, 100 percent of affected journals are cooperating with the NIH policy that asks NIH grantees to deposit the final version of the author's manuscript in PubMed Central, an OA archive.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0326", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-05.htm#nih", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-05.htm#nih", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "205", "pdfPages": "220", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "See my “Publisher Policies on NIH-Funded Authors,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (June 2, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/ 06-02-05.htm#nih. 54. For more on funding agency OA mandates, see notes 40 and 41, above. Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0327", "printed": "http://www.bioline.org.br/", "normalized": "http://www.bioline.org.br/", "host": "www.bioline.org.br", "nearbyProject": "www.bioline.org.br", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ians,” College & Research Libraries News, 64 (February 2003): 92–94, 113, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm. 59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/;", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0328", "printed": "http://www.epublishingtrust.org/", "normalized": "http://www.epublishingtrust.org/", "host": "www.epublishingtrust.org", "nearbyProject": "www.epublishingtrust.org", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm. 59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0329", "printed": "http://www.inasp.info/", "normalized": "http://www.inasp.info/", "host": "www.inasp.info", "nearbyProject": "www.inasp.info", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0330", "printed": "SciDev.Net", "normalized": "SciDev.Net", "host": "scidev.net", "nearbyProject": "scidev.net", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0331", "printed": "http://www.scidev.net/", "normalized": "http://www.scidev.net/", "host": "www.scidev.net", "nearbyProject": "www.scidev.net", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0332", "printed": "http://www.scielo.br/", "normalized": "http://www.scielo.br/", "host": "www.scielo.br", "nearbyProject": "www.scielo.br", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0333", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/wsis2.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/wsis2.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/writing/wsis2.htm. For public statements calling for open access in developing countries, see the Declaration of San José (March 27, 1998), the Declaration on Science and the", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0334", "printed": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/develop.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/develop.shtml", "host": "www.library.yale.edu", "nearbyProject": "Liblicense / Yale University Library", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. 60. Many journal publishers donate electronic subscriptions to Third-World research institutions. See Ann Okerson's list of such programs, http:// www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/develop.shtml. But this creates another reason why north and south friends of OA use different arguments in their analysis and advocacy. A major issue for developing countries is whether these donated sub-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0335", "printed": "http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/facmemoscholcomm_010704.pdf", "normalized": "http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/facmemoscholcomm_010704.pdf", "host": "libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu", "nearbyProject": "libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "206", "pdfPages": "221", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "mic Senate and all the library directors of the UC campuses said in a public letter, “The economics of scholarly journal publishing are incontrovertibly unsustain- able.” See http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/facmemoscholcomm _010704.pdf. The letter was referring to conventional, subscription-based journals, not OA journals. It is now in the self-interest of commercial publishers to experiment with OA because they cannot continue business as usual. (2)", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0336", "printed": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/0202/0202005.pdf", "normalized": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/0202/0202005.pdf", "host": "econwpa.wustl.edu", "nearbyProject": "EconWPA", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "62. I heard this often myself. Bob Parks heard it often too and describes his observations in “The Faustian Grip of Academic Publishing,” a preprint posted to WoPEc (Working Papers in Economics) (July 2001), http://econwpa .wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/0202/0202005.pdf. Parks: “The point is that readers do not necessarily want [free online journals], especially if they can have [priced journals] without giving up their office or phone or secretarial services.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0337", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-06-02.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-06-02.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "63. I discuss this distinction in more detail in “Elsevier CEO on the Public Library of Science,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter, February 6, 2002, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-06-02.htm. 64. When Derk Haank was CEO of Reed Elsevier, he made this argument in an interview in Information Today. See Dick Kaser, “Ghost in a Bottle,” Informa-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0338", "printed": "http://www.infotoday.com/it/feb02/kaser.htm", "normalized": "http://www.infotoday.com/it/feb02/kaser.htm", "host": "www.infotoday.com", "nearbyProject": "Information Today", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "64. When Derk Haank was CEO of Reed Elsevier, he made this argument in an interview in Information Today. See Dick Kaser, “Ghost in a Bottle,” Informa- tion Today (February 2002), http://www.infotoday.com/it/feb02/kaser.htm. It has been a favorite Elsevier argument ever since. 65. I discuss some measurements showing the journal gaps at leading U.S.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0339", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "research libraries in “What's the Ullage of Your Library?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage. 66. See for example my account of the progress of OA last year, “Open Access in 2003,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0340", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm", "host": "www.earlham.edu", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage. 66. See for example my account of the progress of OA last year, “Open Access in 2003,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm. 67. See Michael Jenson, “Academic Press Gives Away Its Secrets,” Chronicle of Higher Education (September 14, 2001), http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0341", "printed": "http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v48/i03/03b02401.htm", "normalized": "http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v48/i03/03b02401.htm", "host": "chronicle.com", "nearbyProject": "Chronicle of Higher Education", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": ".earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm. 67. See Michael Jenson, “Academic Press Gives Away Its Secrets,” Chronicle of Higher Education (September 14, 2001), http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/ v48/i03/03b02401.htm. Jensen is the director of Publishing Technologies at the NAP. Also see the National Academies Press website, http://www.nap.edu/, and browse the free full-text books.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0342", "printed": "http://www.nap.edu/", "normalized": "http://www.nap.edu/", "host": "www.nap.edu", "nearbyProject": "National Academies Press", "contextClassifications": [ "educational / reference resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "Higher Education (September 14, 2001), http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/ v48/i03/03b02401.htm. Jensen is the director of Publishing Technologies at the NAP. Also see the National Academies Press website, http://www.nap.edu/, and browse the free full-text books. 68. Jeffrey Tucker, “Why We Put Books Online” (March 12, 2004), posting", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0343", "printed": "http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp", "normalized": "http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp", "host": "www.mises.org", "nearbyProject": "www.mises.org", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "browse the free full-text books. 68. Jeffrey Tucker, “Why We Put Books Online” (March 12, 2004), posting to the Ludwig von Mises Institute blog, http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/ why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp; later turned into an article, “Books, Online and Off,” Ludwig von Mises Institute (March 22, 2004), http://www .mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0344", "printed": "http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473", "normalized": "http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473", "host": "www.mises.org", "nearbyProject": "www.mises.org", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "207", "pdfPages": "222", "chapters": [ "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access" ], "representativeText": "to the Ludwig von Mises Institute blog, http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/ why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp; later turned into an article, “Books, Online and Off,” Ludwig von Mises Institute (March 22, 2004), http://www .mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473. Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 207", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0345", "printed": "http://www.baen.com/library/", "normalized": "http://www.baen.com/library/", "host": "www.baen.com", "nearbyProject": "www.baen.com", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "208", "pdfPages": "223", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "69. Baen Free Library, http://www.baen.com/library/. Also see Eric Flint's expla- nation of Baen's business model and success, “Prime Palaver #6” (April 15, 2002), http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0346", "printed": "http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm", "normalized": "http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm", "host": "www.baen.com", "nearbyProject": "www.baen.com", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "208", "pdfPages": "223", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "69. Baen Free Library, http://www.baen.com/library/. Also see Eric Flint's expla- nation of Baen's business model and success, “Prime Palaver #6” (April 15, 2002), http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm. 70. See the Search Inside the Book home page, http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0347", "printed": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260", "normalized": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260", "host": "www.amazon.com", "nearbyProject": "www.amazon.com", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "208", "pdfPages": "223", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "nation of Baen's business model and success, “Prime Palaver #6” (April 15, 2002), http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm. 70. See the Search Inside the Book home page, http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press release, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText &t=Regular&id=462057& (October 23, 2003), and FAQ, http://www", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0348", "printed": "http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText&t=Regular&id=462057&", "normalized": "http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText&t=Regular&id=462057&", "host": "phx.corporate-ir.net", "nearbyProject": "phx.corporate-ir.net", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "208", "pdfPages": "223", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "70. See the Search Inside the Book home page, http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press release, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText &t=Regular&id=462057& (October 23, 2003), and FAQ, http://www .amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631. 208", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0349", "printed": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631", "normalized": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631", "host": "www.amazon.com", "nearbyProject": "www.amazon.com", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "208", "pdfPages": "223", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press release, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText &t=Regular&id=462057& (October 23, 2003), and FAQ, http://www .amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631. 208 Peter Suber", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0350", "printed": "sandiegodialogue.org", "normalized": "sandiegodialogue.org", "host": "sandiegodialogue.org", "nearbyProject": "sandiegodialogue.org", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "262", "pdfPages": "277", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "very useful to create interdisciplinary publications or websites devoted to metropolitan areas. An example is San Diego Dialogue (www .sandiegodialogue.org), which the University of California at San Diego supports by providing sophisticated research studies. Such work can be peer-reviewed and highly selective. Nevertheless, I think almost all aca-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0351", "printed": "www.earthforce.org/resources.cfm", "normalized": "www.earthforce.org/resources.cfm", "host": "www.earthforce.org", "nearbyProject": "www.earthforce.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "269", "pdfPages": "284", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "tionnaires, and focus groups (but no comparison groups or testlike assessments). See “2001–2002 Earth Force Evaluation: Program Implementation and Impacts,” www.earthforce.org/resources.cfm. There were many positive changes in self-reported skills, knowledge, and attitudes over the course of the program, and teachers were favorable. However, the participants became less likely over", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0352", "printed": "www.democracycollaborative.org/publications/reports/", "normalized": "www.democracycollaborative.org/publications/reports/", "host": "www.democracycollaborative.org", "nearbyProject": "www.democracycollaborative.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "269", "pdfPages": "284", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "(April 2002), www.democracycollaborative.org/ publications/reports/; Harry Boyte and Paul Resnick, with Peter Levine, Robert Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons 269", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0353", "printed": "www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/civicextension/", "normalized": "www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/civicextension/", "host": "www.si.umich.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.si.umich.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "270", "pdfPages": "285", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "Wachbroit, and Lew Friedland, “White Paper: Civic Extension for the Informa- tion Age” (draft of July 23, 2001), www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/ civicextension/. 8. Ostrom and Hess, chapter 3, this volume. 9. Suber, chapter 7, this volume.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0354", "printed": "http://216.36.193.92/ec/n3.html", "normalized": "http://216.36.193.92/ec/n3.html", "host": "216.36.193.92", "nearbyProject": "216.36.193.92", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "270", "pdfPages": "285", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ", where n is the number of users) and Reed's Law (the value is even higher, because of the potential number of n-person groups, each of which can potentially communicate with other groups within the network), see http:// 216.36.193.92/ec/n3.html. 14. Peter Levine, “A Movement for the Commons?”, Responsive Community 13/4 (fall 2003): 28–39; “Building the E-Commons,” Good Society 11/3 (2003):", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0355", "printed": "TomPaine.com", "normalized": "TomPaine.com", "host": "tompaine.com", "nearbyProject": "tompaine.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "270", "pdfPages": "285", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "tion, 2001), 58. 20. Jeffrey Chester, “The Death of the Internet: How Industry Intends to Kill The ‘Net as We Know It,” TomPaine.com (October 24, 2002). 21. Elinor Ostrom, “Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14/3 (summer 2000): 150.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0356", "printed": "http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/family/school/32ReligiousServices.htm", "normalized": "http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/family/school/32ReligiousServices.htm", "host": "www.childtrendsdatabank.org", "nearbyProject": "www.childtrendsdatabank.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "271", "pdfPages": "286", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "attention to public affairs in 1966; just 5.1 percent said so in 2000 (American National Election Study, author's tabulation). 30. Monitoring the Future data analyzed by Child Trends (http://www .childtrendsdatabank.org/family/school/32ReligiousServices.htm). 31. M. Kent Jennings and Lara Stocker, “Generations and Civic Engagement: A Longitudinal Multiple-Generational Analysis” (unpublished paper, 2001).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0357", "printed": "www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerexeter.pdf", "normalized": "www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerexeter.pdf", "host": "www.bsos.umd.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.bsos.umd.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "271", "pdfPages": "286", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "545–565. 34. Eric M. Uslaner, “Trust as a Moral Value” (forthcoming in Dario Cas- tiglione, ed., Social Capital), www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerexeter.pdf. 35. Ostrom, “The Need for Civic Education,” 1–2. 36. The claim that association life has declined is complicated by the fact that", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0358", "printed": "epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n4.html", "normalized": "epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n4.html", "host": "epaa.asu.edu", "nearbyProject": "epaa.asu.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "272", "pdfPages": "287", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "of the Track(ing),” revised version of Warschauer, “Technology and School Reform: A View from Both Sides of the Track,” Education Policy Analysis Archives 8/4 (2000), epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n4.html. 45. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Mathematics Assess- ment, 1996, analyzed by Harold Wenglinsky, Does It Compute? The Relation-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0359", "printed": "www.compact.org/civic/Wingspread/Wingspread.html", "normalized": "www.compact.org/civic/Wingspread/Wingspread.html", "host": "www.compact.org", "nearbyProject": "www.compact.org", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "272", "pdfPages": "287", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "46. For the mission, see Harry Boyte and Elizabeth Hollander, “Wingspread Declaration on the Civic Responsibilites of Research Universities” (Providence, RI: Campus Compact, 1999; www.compact.org/civic/Wingspread/Wingspread .html) and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and CIRCLE, “Higher Education: Civic Mission and Civic Effects” (College Park, MD, 2006; http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm). For the criticism of", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0360", "printed": "http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm", "normalized": "http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm", "host": "www.civicyouth.org", "nearbyProject": "www.civicyouth.org", "contextClassifications": [ "educational / reference resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "272", "pdfPages": "287", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": ".html) and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and CIRCLE, “Higher Education: Civic Mission and Civic Effects” (College Park, MD, 2006; http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm). For the criticism of current practice, see, e.g., Eyal Press and Jennifer Washburn,” The Kept Uni- versity,” Atlantic Monthly 285/3 (March 2000): 39–54.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0361", "printed": "Republic.com", "normalized": "Republic.com", "host": "republic.com", "nearbyProject": "republic.com", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "273", "pdfPages": "288", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "offspring to live there as well) and, thus, do not heavily discount the future” (“Type of Goods and Collective Action,” 27). 53. In Republic.com (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), Cass Sun- stein claims that the Internet allows people to choose news and opinion that already interest them, while filtering out views and facts that they find uncon-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0362", "printed": "web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf", "normalized": "web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf", "host": "web.mit.edu", "nearbyProject": "web.mit.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "274", "pdfPages": "289", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "I still think the best theoretical account of “cyberbalkanization” is Marshall van Alstyne and Erik Brynjolfsson, “Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans? (1997; see web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans .pdf). They predict that the Internet will help people who are so inclined to increase the range and diversity of their information and contacts. They also predict that the Internet will allow people to “filter” out unwelcome ideas or", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0363", "printed": "www.pewinternet.org", "normalized": "www.pewinternet.org", "host": "www.pewinternet.org", "nearbyProject": "Pew Internet & American Life Project", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "274", "pdfPages": "289", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "demic Press, 1998), 43–57. 55. Pew Internet and American Life Project, Online Communities Survey (2001), available from www.pewinternet.org. 56. Boyte is a former field secretary in the civil rights movement, a University of Minnesota professor, and codirector of the University's Center for Democracy", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0364", "printed": "www.civicyouth.org", "normalized": "www.civicyouth.org", "host": "www.civicyouth.org", "nearbyProject": "www.civicyouth.org", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "275", "pdfPages": "290", "chapters": [ "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons" ], "representativeText": "61. Molly Andolina, Scott Keeter, Cliff Zukin, and Krista Jenkins, Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait, available from CIRCLE at www.civicyouth.org. 62. Dean Mohs, Celebrating and Encouraging Community Involvement of Older Minnesotans: A Snapshot of Current Minnesota Baby Boomers and Older", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0365", "printed": "Sourceforge.net", "normalized": "Sourceforge.net", "host": "sourceforge.net", "nearbyProject": "sourceforge.net", "contextClassifications": [ "software / technical infrastructure", "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 4, "printedPages": "278, 308, 365", "pdfPages": "293, 323, 380", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "Index" ], "representativeText": "a form of intellectual property. The innovation I am referring to is the emergence over the last twenty years of FOSS as a form of “software commons.” One popular FOSS website, Sourceforge.net, hosts over 200,000 such projects (Sourceforge.net 2006). While there are or will be many failures in this collaborative domain, there are some major success", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0366", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html", "host": "www.gnu.org", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassifications": [ "software / technical infrastructure" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "281", "pdfPages": "296", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "modify the software in any way they might desire. The emphasis here is on free as in freedom rather than free in the monetized sense (http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html). This philosophy led Stallman to consider how he could ensure that these freedoms could be intertwined, in a sense, with the software. His major advance was to", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0367", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html", "host": "www.gnu.org", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "282", "pdfPages": "297", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "the licensing principles of its “parent” software. Stallman implemented these Copyleft principles by creating the “GNU General Public License” (GPL; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html), and to promote these freedom ideals, Stallman created the “Free Software Foundation” or FSF (http://www.gnu.org/).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0368", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/", "host": "www.gnu.org", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "282", "pdfPages": "297", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "(GPL; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html), and to promote these freedom ideals, Stallman created the “Free Software Foundation” or FSF (http://www.gnu.org/). Over time a social movement around these principles of software freedom emerged, and other programmers joined in. The ideas were", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0369", "printed": "http://www.opensource.org", "normalized": "http://www.opensource.org", "host": "www.opensource.org", "nearbyProject": "www.opensource.org", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "282", "pdfPages": "297", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "The open-source software movement was led in part by software developers Bruce Perens and Eric Raymond, who created the Open Source Initiative (OSI, http://www.opensource.org) and worked to develop an “Open Source Definition” (OSD)—a set of rules that can be 282", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0370", "printed": "http://http://www.opensource.org/licenses/", "normalized": "http://www.opensource.org/licenses/", "host": "www.opensource.org", "nearbyProject": "www.opensource.org", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "283", "pdfPages": "298", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "extending the FOSS idea to scientific commons later.) Stallman's GPL can be considered the “parent” of over fifty Open Software Initiative–approved licenses (Perens 1999; http://http://www .opensource.org/licenses/), which all satisfy the general conditions of open-source software but have variations in the rights provided to soft- ware users. These variations demonstrate that software authors have a", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0371", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html", "host": "www.gnu.org", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "283", "pdfPages": "298", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "is that authors of software have a set of rights that they can retain or give away (for comparisons of various FOSS licenses, see Perens 1999 or http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html). The Copyleft licensing innovations are “rules-in-use” (figure 3.2) that contribute to the motivation of computer programmers to take action in", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0372", "printed": "www.sourceforge.net", "normalized": "www.sourceforge.net", "host": "www.sourceforge.net", "nearbyProject": "www.sourceforge.net", "contextClassifications": [ "software / technical infrastructure" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "287", "pdfPages": "302", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "and Cornford 2003). In FOSS projects, group collaboration is supported through web-based communication and version-control systems. For example, the FOSS project-management website www.sourceforge.net provides group communication functions and software version-control systems based on the “Concurrent Versioning System” or CVS (Fogel", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0373", "printed": "http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html", "normalized": "http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html", "host": "www.fsf.org", "nearbyProject": "www.fsf.org", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "291", "pdfPages": "306", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "needed to apply to software, but also to accompanying user guides, tech- nical documentation, and so on. In this context, he developed the GNU Free Documentation License or GFDL (http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/ fdl.html), which governs the use, modification, and distribution of GNU software documentation. The GFDL specifies the sections of the document that must remain unmodified from version to version", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0374", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 7, "printedPages": "291, 302, 304", "pdfPages": "306, 317, 319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "But around the year 2001, a new set of licenses following similar prin- ciples was developed by people associated with the nonprofit organiza- tion CreativeCommons.org that can be applied to works of music, art, video, text, and educational lesson plans (CreativeCommons.org 2004a). These licenses allow the author of a work to keep the copyright but still", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0375", "printed": "Science.CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "Science.CreativeCommons.org", "host": "science.creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "292, 308", "pdfPages": "307, 323", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "(2) developing standard licensing models to facilitate wider access to sci- entific information, and (3) exploring ways to increase the sharing of sci- entific data (Science.CreativeCommons.org 2005). While it is too early to make definitive statements about the connection between the Science Commons effort and the ideas proposed here, clearly their efforts in all", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0376", "printed": "http://campus.esri.com", "normalized": "http://campus.esri.com", "host": "campus.esri.com", "nearbyProject": "campus.esri.com", "contextClassifications": [ "software / technical infrastructure" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "301", "pdfPages": "316", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "example, some proprietary software companies are offering online distance-learning programs (e.g., in the context of geographic informa- tion systems, see http://campus.esri.com) to earn additional revenue and promote the use of their software. Could similar distance-learning serv- ices be established to provide registration-based courses on the particu-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0377", "printed": "opensourcecms.com", "normalized": "opensourcecms.com", "host": "opensourcecms.com", "nearbyProject": "opensourcecms.com", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "301", "pdfPages": "316", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "access are emerging. A sizable number of FOSS packages are available (e.g., wiki's, Drupal, DSpace, and other content-management systems; see opensourcecms.com) with some of the needed functionality to sup- port open-content collaboration, which may reduce some of the software-development costs. Professional societies, foundations, or gov-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0378", "printed": "http:www.lulc.org/bcworkshop_2003/os_lulc_workshop_report_2003.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.lulc.org/bcworkshop_2003/os_lulc_workshop_report_2003.pdf", "host": "www.lulc.org", "nearbyProject": "www.lulc.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "303", "pdfPages": "318", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "models (see http:www.lulc.org/ bcworkshop_2003/os_lulc_workshop_report_2003.pdf) sponsored by the NSF Biocomplexity Program (grant NSFSBR 0083744). However, the recommenda- tions and opinions expressed are mine and do not necessarily reflect the views", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0379", "printed": "http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html", "normalized": "http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html", "host": "pkp.ubc.ca", "nearbyProject": "pkp.ubc.ca", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "303", "pdfPages": "318", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "of the funding agencies. 1. For example, as noted on the Public Knowledge Project's website (http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html), various kinds of open-source e-journal management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0380", "printed": "http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/", "normalized": "http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/", "host": "www.pkp.ubc.ca", "nearbyProject": "www.pkp.ubc.ca", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 2, "printedPages": "303, 307", "pdfPages": "318, 322", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "(http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html), various kinds of open-source e-journal management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge .net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0381", "printed": "http://artsys.sourceforge.net/", "normalized": "http://artsys.sourceforge.net/", "host": "artsys.sourceforge.net", "nearbyProject": "artsys.sourceforge.net", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "303", "pdfPages": "318", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "(http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html), various kinds of open-source e-journal management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge .net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems and Internet portals (http://zope.org).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0382", "printed": "http://www.openly.com/efirst/", "normalized": "http://www.openly.com/efirst/", "host": "www.openly.com", "nearbyProject": "www.openly.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "303", "pdfPages": "318", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge .net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems and Internet portals (http://zope.org).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0383", "printed": "http://zope.org", "normalized": "http://zope.org", "host": "zope.org", "nearbyProject": "zope.org", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "303", "pdfPages": "318", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": ".net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems and Internet portals (http://zope.org). 2. However, it remains an open question as to when such funding is absolutely needed for a project to survive versus when a FOSS project can exist solely", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0384", "printed": "http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf", "host": "www.fs.fed.us", "nearbyProject": "www.fs.fed.us", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "304", "pdfPages": "319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Research Station. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/ technical_reports/pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf. Benkler, Y. 2002. “Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm.” Yale Law Journal 112(3):369–446.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0385", "printed": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/", "normalized": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/", "host": "firstmonday.org", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "304", "pdfPages": "319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Law Journal 112(3):369–446. Bezroukov, N. 1999. “A Second Look at the Cathedral and the Bazaar.” First Monday 4(12). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/. Bollier, D. 1999. “The Power of Openness: Why Citizens, Education, Govern- ment, and Business Should Care about the Coming Revolution in Open Source", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0386", "printed": "http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/opencode/h2o/", "normalized": "http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/opencode/h2o/", "host": "h2oproject.law.harvard.edu", "nearbyProject": "h2oproject.law.harvard.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "initiative / declaration / policy" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "304", "pdfPages": "319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Bollier, D. 1999. “The Power of Openness: Why Citizens, Education, Govern- ment, and Business Should Care about the Coming Revolution in Open Source Code Software.” http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/opencode/h2o/. Bonaccorsi, A., and C. Rossi. 2003. “Why Open Source Software Can Succeed.” Research Policy 32(7):1243–1258.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0387", "printed": "http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm", "normalized": "http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm", "host": "www.rri.wvu.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.rri.wvu.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "304", "pdfPages": "319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Briassoulis, H. 2000. Analysis of Land Use Change: Theoretical and Modeling Approaches. The Web Book of Regional Science. Morgantown, WV: Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University. http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/ Briassoulis/contents.htm. Capiluppi, A., P. Lago, and M. Morisio. 2003. “Evidences in the Evolution of OS Projects through Changelog Analyses.” In J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0388", "printed": "http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2003", "normalized": "http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2003", "host": "opensource.ucc.ie", "nearbyProject": "opensource.ucc.ie", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource", "conference / workshop / event", "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 6, "printedPages": "304, 305, 306, 308, 309", "pdfPages": "319, 320, 321, 323, 324", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "OS Projects through Changelog Analyses.” In J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. Lakhani, eds., Taking Stock of the Bazaar: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering. http://opensource.ucc.ie/ icse2003. CreativeCommons.org. 2004a. http://creativecommons.org. CreativeCommons.org.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0389", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org", "host": "creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "304", "pdfPages": "319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering. http://opensource.ucc.ie/ icse2003. CreativeCommons.org. 2004a. http://creativecommons.org. CreativeCommons.org. 2004b.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0390", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses", "host": "creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "304", "pdfPages": "319", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Commons Licenses” http:// creativecommons.org/licenses. Crowston, K., H. Annabi, and J. Howison. 2003. “Defining Open Source Project Success.” In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Information", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0391", "printed": "http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html", "normalized": "http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html", "host": "www.fsf.org", "nearbyProject": "www.fsf.org", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "305", "pdfPages": "320", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Object Oriented Programming Systems and Languages, Anaheim, California, October 26–30. Free Software Foundation. 2004. “GNU General Public License” http://www .fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html. Geist, H. J., and E. F. Lambin. 2002. “Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation.” BioScience 52(2):143–150.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0392", "printed": "http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_3/ghosh/", "normalized": "http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_3/ghosh/", "host": "www.firstmonday.org", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "305", "pdfPages": "320", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Forces of Tropical Deforestation.” BioScience 52(2):143–150. Ghosh, R. A. 2003. “Cooking Pot Markets: An Economic Model for the Trade of Free Goods and Services on the Internet.” First Monday 3(3). http://www .firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_3/ghosh/. Ghosh, R. A., and V. V. Prakash. 2000. “The Orbiten Free Software Survey.” First Monday 5(7). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_7/ghosh/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0393", "printed": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_7/ghosh/", "normalized": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_7/ghosh/", "host": "firstmonday.org", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "305", "pdfPages": "320", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": ".firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_3/ghosh/. Ghosh, R. A., and V. V. Prakash. 2000. “The Orbiten Free Software Survey.” First Monday 5(7). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_7/ghosh/. Ghosh, R. A., G. Robles, and R. Glott. 2002. Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study. Technical report. University of Maastricht, The", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0394", "printed": "http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/index.htm", "normalized": "http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/index.htm", "host": "www.infonomics.nl", "nearbyProject": "www.infonomics.nl", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "305", "pdfPages": "320", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Infonomics, June. http://www .infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/index.htm. Goldman, R., and R. P. Gabriel. 2005. Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as a Business Strategy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0395", "printed": "http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2002/HannRobertsSlaughterFielding", "normalized": "http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2002/HannRobertsSlaughterFielding", "host": "opensource.ucc.ie", "nearbyProject": "opensource.ucc.ie", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "306", "pdfPages": "321", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Contribute to Open Source Projects? First Evidence of Economic Incentives.” Paper presented at the 2nd Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering (ICSE 2002). http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2002/HannRobertsSlaughterFielding. pdf. Hardin, G. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162:1243–1248.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0396", "printed": "http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/healyschussman.pdf", "normalized": "http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/healyschussman.pdf", "host": "opensource.mit.edu", "nearbyProject": "opensource.mit.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "306", "pdfPages": "321", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Hardin, G. 1968. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162:1243–1248. Healy, K., and A. Schussman. 2003. “The Ecology of Open-Source Software Development.” http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/healyschussman.pdf. Hildebrand, J. D. 2004. “Hidden Agendas in Linux Land.” Software Develop- ment Times. http://www.sdtimes.com/cols/opensourcewatch_015.htm.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0397", "printed": "http://www.sdtimes.com/cols/opensourcewatch_015.htm", "normalized": "http://www.sdtimes.com/cols/opensourcewatch_015.htm", "host": "www.sdtimes.com", "nearbyProject": "www.sdtimes.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "306", "pdfPages": "321", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Development.” http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/healyschussman.pdf. Hildebrand, J. D. 2004. “Hidden Agendas in Linux Land.” Software Develop- ment Times. http://www.sdtimes.com/cols/opensourcewatch_015.htm. Hissam, S., C. B. Weinstock, D. Plaksoh, and J. Asundi. 2001. Perspectives on Open Source Software. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2001-TR-019. Pittsburgh:", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0398", "printed": "http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/01.reports/01tr019.html", "normalized": "http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/01.reports/01tr019.html", "host": "www.sei.cmu.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.sei.cmu.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "306", "pdfPages": "321", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Hissam, S., C. B. Weinstock, D. Plaksoh, and J. Asundi. 2001. Perspectives on Open Source Software. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2001-TR-019. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University. http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/01 .reports/01tr019.html. Johns, A. 2001. “The Birth of Scientific Reading.” Nature 409:287–289. Johnson, J. P. 2002. “Economics of Open Source Software.” Journal of Eco-", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0399", "printed": "http://www.osdn.com/bcg/bcg-0.73/BCGHackerSurvey0-73.html", "normalized": "http://www.osdn.com/bcg/bcg-0.73/BCGHackerSurvey0-73.html", "host": "www.osdn.com", "nearbyProject": "www.osdn.com", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "306", "pdfPages": "321", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "of the American Medical Association 263(10):1321–1322. Lakhani, K. R., B. Wolf, J. Bates, and C. DiBona. 2002. “The Boston Consult- ing Group Hacker Survey, Release 0.73.” http://www.osdn.com/bcg/bcg-0.73/ BCGHackerSurvey0-73.html. Lee, S., N. Moisa, and M. Weiss. 2003. “Open Source as a Signaling Device: An Economic Analysis.” In J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. Lakhani, eds.,", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0400", "printed": "http://www.welchco.com/02/14/01/60/00/10/3101.htm", "normalized": "http://www.welchco.com/02/14/01/60/00/10/3101.htm", "host": "www.welchco.com", "nearbyProject": "www.welchco.com", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "306", "pdfPages": "321", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Journal of Industrial Economics 52:197–234. Manley, M. R. 2000. “Managing Projects the Open Source Way.” http://www.welchco.com/02/14/01/60/00/10/3101.htm. 306 Charles M. 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Raymond, E. 1998b. “Homesteading the Noosphere.” First Monday 3(10). http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/raymond/index.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0402", "printed": "http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/raymond/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/raymond/index.html", "host": "www.firstmonday.dk", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "307", "pdfPages": "322", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "(March). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_3/raymond/. Raymond, E. 1998b. “Homesteading the Noosphere.” First Monday 3(10). http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_10/raymond/index.html. Rischard, J. F. 2001. “High Noon: We Need New Approaches to Global Problem-Solving, Fast.” Journal of International Economic Law 4(3):507–", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0403", "printed": "http://www.upgrade-cepis.org/issues/2005/3/up6-3Schweik.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.upgrade-cepis.org/issues/2005/3/up6-3Schweik.pdf", "host": "www.upgrade-cepis.org", "nearbyProject": "UPGRADE / CEPIS", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "307", "pdfPages": "322", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Software ‘Commons.'” Upgrade: The European Journal for the Informatics Professional (June): 17–27. http://www.upgrade-cepis.org/issues/2005/3/up6 -3Schweik.pdf. 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Science.CreativeCommons.org. 2005. “welcome to Science Commons” http:// science.creativecommons.org/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0407", "printed": "http://science.creativecommons.org/", "normalized": "http://science.creativecommons.org/", "host": "science.creativecommons.org", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassifications": [ "license / intellectual-property resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "308", "pdfPages": "323", "chapters": [ "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science" ], "representativeText": "Management Problems.” First Monday 8(1). http://www.firstmonday.org/ issues/issue8_1/schweik/. Science.CreativeCommons.org. 2005. “welcome to Science Commons” http:// science.creativecommons.org/. Shaikh, M., and T. Cornford. 2003. “Version Management Tools: CVS to BK in the Linux Kernel.” In J. 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Ziman, J. 1969. “Information, Communication, Knowledge.” Nature 224: 318–324.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0411", "printed": "http://www.repec.org/", "normalized": "http://www.repec.org/", "host": "www.repec.org", "nearbyProject": "www.repec.org", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "and open models on classic functions of libraries: collection development, access, and service. 2. Information about RePEc can be found at http://www.repec.org/. 3. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/. 4. Additional information and analysis of STKE can be found at http://stke", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0412", "printed": "http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/", "normalized": "http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/", "host": "blog.lib.umn.edu", "nearbyProject": "blog.lib.umn.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "and service. 2. Information about RePEc can be found at http://www.repec.org/. 3. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/. 4. Additional information and analysis of STKE can be found at http://stke .sciencemag.org/.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0413", "printed": "http://stke.sciencemag.org/", "normalized": "http://stke.sciencemag.org/", "host": "stke.sciencemag.org", "nearbyProject": "Science", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "2. Information about RePEc can be found at http://www.repec.org/. 3. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/. 4. Additional information and analysis of STKE can be found at http://stke .sciencemag.org/. 5. The decision on prepublication posting shifted to the discretion of individual APA journal editors.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0414", "printed": "http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/", "normalized": "http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/", "host": "www.diglib.org", "nearbyProject": "www.diglib.org", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "ment, over time library presence has been increasingly evident and the research projects have moved from testbeds to more operational settings. 8. See http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/. 9. National Research Council Committee on a National Collaboratory, National Collaboratories (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993).", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0415", "printed": "http://www.windows.ucar.edu/sparc/", "normalized": "http://www.windows.ucar.edu/sparc/", "host": "www.windows.ucar.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.windows.ucar.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "9. National Research Council Committee on a National Collaboratory, National Collaboratories (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993). 10. Information on SPARC can be found at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/ sparc/. 11. See “UCSB Campus Informatics: Collaboration for Knowledge Manage- ment,” http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html.", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0416", "printed": "http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html", "normalized": "http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html", "host": "www.cni.org", "nearbyProject": "www.cni.org", "contextClassifications": [ "web resource" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "sparc/. 11. See “UCSB Campus Informatics: Collaboration for Knowledge Manage- ment,” http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html. 12. See http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/. References", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0417", "printed": "http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/", "normalized": "http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/", "host": "www.lib.umn.edu", "nearbyProject": "www.lib.umn.edu", "contextClassifications": [ "project / organization homepage" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "330", "pdfPages": "345", "chapters": [ "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons" ], "representativeText": "11. See “UCSB Campus Informatics: Collaboration for Knowledge Manage- ment,” http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html. 12. See http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/. 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National Research Council Committee on a National Collaboratory. 1993. National Collaboratories: Applying Information Technology for Scientific", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0424", "printed": "http://www.oclc.org/membership/escan/default.htm", "normalized": "http://www.oclc.org/membership/escan/default.htm", "host": "www.oclc.org", "nearbyProject": "www.oclc.org", "contextClassifications": [ "repository / archive / digital library" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "332", "pdfPages": "347", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. OCLC. 2003. The 2003 OCLC Environmental Scan: Pattern Recognition. Dublin, OH: OCLC Online Computer Library Center. http://www.oclc.org/ membership/escan/default.htm. Seaman, David. 2003. “Deep Sharing: A Case for the Federated Digital Library.” Educause", "extractionStatus": "Book-extracted", "directoryDecision": "", "currentResolutionStatus": "", "currentUrl": "", "editorialNotes": "" }, { "id": "URL-0425", "printed": "http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0348.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0348.pdf", "host": "www.educause.edu", "nearbyProject": "EDUCAUSE", "contextClassifications": [ "article / report / publication" ], "occurrenceCount": 1, "printedPages": "332", "pdfPages": "347", "chapters": [ "Front matter or interstitial" ], "representativeText": "Review (July/August). http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ erm0348.pdf. 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Preface xiii", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0004", "printed": "http://wizards-of-os.org/index.php?id=1551", "normalized": "http://wizards-of-os.org/index.php?id=1551", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "29", "pdfPageEnd": "29", "printedPage": "14", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "wizards-of-os.org", "contextClassification": "conference / workshop / event", "nearbyText": "power, and the potential to reconceptualize our knowledge environment and to unite those fighting for its freedom. (Program abstract for “The Future of the Digital Commons,” at the 2004 WOS3 Conference, http://wizards-of-os .org/index.php?id=1551) This use of the word commons is not infrequent. It can be constructive and often provides the impetus to collective action around the commons.", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0005", "printed": "http://www.iascp.org", "normalized": "http://www.iascp.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "36", "pdfPageEnd": "36", "printedPage": "21", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "International Association for the Study of Common Property", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "3. See Wagner 2005, 176, referring to Vincent Ostrom's concept of self- governance. 4. See http://www.iascp.org. This association changed its name to the Interna- tional Association for the Study of the Commons in June 2006. 5. For a history of modern commons research, see Hess 2000, 2003.", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0006", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "37", "pdfPageEnd": "37", "printedPage": "22", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "8. Feeny et al. 1990; Andelson 1991; Hanna, Folke, and Mäler 1996; Bromley et al. 1992. See also The Comprehensive Bibliography of the Commons at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php. 9. The original concept was developed by Frank Michelman in “Ethics, Eco- nomics, and the Law of Property” (1982).", "sourceLineIndex": "7" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0007", "printed": "http://www.aallnet.org/products/2004-17.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.aallnet.org/products/2004-17.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "37", "pdfPageEnd": "37", "printedPage": "22", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.aallnet.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Patents.” Science 305(5687):1110–1111. Bollier, David. 2004. “Why We Must Talk about the Information Commons.” Law Library Journal 96(2):267–282. http://www.aallnet.org/products/2004 -17.pdf. 22 Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0008", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "38", "pdfPageEnd": "38", "printedPage": "23", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Boyle, James. 2003. “The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain.” Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1–2):33–74. http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle. Braman, Sandra. 1989. “Defining Information: An Approach for Policymakers.” In D. M. Lamberton, ed., The Economics of Communication and Information.", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0009", "printed": "http://www-econ.stanford.edu/faculty/workp/swp00016.pdf", "normalized": "http://www-econ.stanford.edu/faculty/workp/swp00016.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "38", "pdfPageEnd": "38", "printedPage": "23", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www-econ.stanford.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "David, Paul A. 2000. The Digital Technology Boomerang: New Intellectual Property Rights Threaten Global “Open Science.” Stanford, CA: Department of Economics, Stanford University. http://www-econ.stanford.edu/faculty/workp/ swp00016.pdf. Dietz, Thomas, Elinor Ostrom, and Paul C. 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Acheson. 1990. “The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later.” Human Ecology", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0011", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000512/", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000512/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "39", "pdfPageEnd": "39", "printedPage": "24", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "and Survey of Studies on New Commons and the Internet.” Presented at the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana, May 31–June 4, 2000. http://dlc.dlib .indiana.edu/archive/00000512/. Hess, Charlotte. 2003. “Why the IASCP Mission Statement Should Be Changed.” Common Property Resource Digest 67:1–3. http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/", "sourceLineIndex": "18" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0012", "printed": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/E-CPR/cpr67.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/E-CPR/cpr67.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "39", "pdfPageEnd": "39", "printedPage": "24", "chapter": "1 - Introduction: An Overview of the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Indiana University", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": ".indiana.edu/archive/00000512/. Hess, Charlotte. 2003. “Why the IASCP Mission Statement Should Be Changed.” Common Property Resource Digest 67:1–3. http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/ E-CPR/cpr67.pdf. 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It has amassed", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0020", "printed": "YouTube.com", "normalized": "YouTube.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "52", "pdfPageEnd": "52", "printedPage": "37", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "youtube.com", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "a license. The Creative Commons licenses facilitate the easier sharing and distribution of works that might otherwise be impossible. The licenses— and a number of ambitious online hosting services such as YouTube.com, a site for the sharing of “grassroots media”—are greatly reinvigorating the flow of information and creativity.", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0021", "printed": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html", "normalized": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "54", "pdfPageEnd": "54", "printedPage": "39", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Yochai Benkler", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Harvard University Press, 2003). 14. See, for instance, Yochai Benkler, “Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm,” Yale Law Journal 112(2002):369–446, available at http://www .benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html; and “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emerging of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, Yale Law Journal 114(2004):273–358, available at http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html.", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0022", "printed": "http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html", "normalized": "http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "54", "pdfPageEnd": "54", "printedPage": "39", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Yochai Benkler", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": ".benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html; and “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emerging of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, Yale Law Journal 114(2004):273–358, available at http://benkler.org/SharingNicely.html. 15. Metatagging and social software were major themes at Esther Dyson's PC Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net-", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0023", "printed": "www.smartmobs.com", "normalized": "www.smartmobs.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "54", "pdfPageEnd": "54", "printedPage": "39", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Smart Mobs / Howard Rheingold", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "15. Metatagging and social software were major themes at Esther Dyson's PC Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net- working experts such as Howard Rheingold (www.smartmobs.com), Clay Shirky (www.shirky.com), and Corante's Many 2 Many (http://www.corante.com/ many).", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0024", "printed": "www.shirky.com", "normalized": "www.shirky.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "54", "pdfPageEnd": "54", "printedPage": "39", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Clay Shirky", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net- working experts such as Howard Rheingold (www.smartmobs.com), Clay Shirky (www.shirky.com), and Corante's Many 2 Many (http://www.corante.com/ many). Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0025", "printed": "http://www.corante.com/many", "normalized": "http://www.corante.com/many", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "54", "pdfPageEnd": "54", "printedPage": "39", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Corante / Many2Many", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Forum in 2005, and a topic of intense discussion on blogs run by social net- working experts such as Howard Rheingold (www.smartmobs.com), Clay Shirky (www.shirky.com), and Corante's Many 2 Many (http://www.corante.com/ many). Growth of the Commons Paradigm 39", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0026", "printed": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/e-cpr.html", "normalized": "http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/e-cpr.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "55", "pdfPageEnd": "55", "printedPage": "40", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Indiana University", "contextClassification": "media", "nearbyText": "and Control Culture (New York: Wiley, 2005). 17. See, for instance, The Common Property Resource Digest, March 2005 (issue 72), available at http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/e-cpr.html; David Bollier and Tim Watts, Saving the Information Commons: A New Public Interest Agenda in Digital Media (Washington, DC: New America Foundation and Public", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0027", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "55", "pdfPageEnd": "55", "printedPage": "40", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "Knowledge, 2002). 18. An authoritative source for developments in this area is Open Access News, edited by Peter Suber, at http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 19. More on the Creative Commons licenses can be found at http://www .creativecommons.org.", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0028", "printed": "http://www.creativecommons.org", "normalized": "http://www.creativecommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "55", "pdfPageEnd": "55", "printedPage": "40", "chapter": "2 - The Growth of the Commons Paradigm", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "18. An authoritative source for developments in this area is Open Access News, edited by Peter Suber, at http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 19. More on the Creative Commons licenses can be found at http://www .creativecommons.org. 40 David Bollier", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0029", "printed": "http://dspace.org/index.html", "normalized": "http://dspace.org/index.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "71", "pdfPageEnd": "71", "printedPage": "56", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "The initial planning process requires strong leadership, great amounts of energy, and time from individuals or a small group. The impetus for MIT's DSpace repository software development (http://dspace.org/ index.html) grew from discussions between the director of the libraries and faculty members.16 The director then became the driving force behind the initiative. Kansas University's provost, David Shulenburger,", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0030", "printed": "http://www.wordfocus.com/word-act-blindmen.html", "normalized": "http://www.wordfocus.com/word-act-blindmen.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "83", "pdfPageEnd": "83", "printedPage": "68", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.wordfocus.com", "contextClassification": "educational / reference resource", "nearbyText": "1. Referring to the poem of John Godfrey Sax (1816–1887), “The Blind Men and the Elephant”: “It was six men of Indostan/To learning much inclined/ Who went to see the Elephant/(Though all of them were blind). . . .” http://www .wordfocus.com/word-act-blindmen.html. 2. For longer-term analyses, feedback from the outcomes of interactions tends to change these “temporarily” exogenous variables. And, when one is analyzing", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0031", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "3. See http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html and http://www .openarchives.org/organization/index.html. 4. See", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0032", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/organization/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/organization/index.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "3. See http://www.openarchives.org/community/index.html and http://www .openarchives.org/organization/index.html. 4. See http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0033", "printed": "http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|2267", "normalized": "http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|2267", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "International Telecommunication Union / World Summit on the Information Society", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": ".openarchives.org/organization/index.html. 4. See http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266| 2267. 5. Usually referred to as an “institutional repository.” We will refer to this kind of organizational archive as a “digital repository” to avoid confusion with our", "sourceLineIndex": "4" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0034", "printed": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php", "normalized": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "6. For more on rules, see Commons [1924] 1968; Bromley 1989; Agrawal 1994; Crawford and Ostrom 2005. 7. See http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php and http://www.eff .org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html. Also see Julie Cohen, “Call It the Digital Millennium Censorship Act: Unfair Use,” The New", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0035", "printed": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html", "normalized": "http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "6. For more on rules, see Commons [1924] 1968; Bromley 1989; Agrawal 1994; Crawford and Ostrom 2005. 7. See http://www.eff.org/IP/DRM/fair_use_and_drm.php and http://www.eff .org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html. Also see Julie Cohen, “Call It the Digital Millennium Censorship Act: Unfair Use,” The New Republic Online, May 23, 2000, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0036", "printed": "http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/unfairuse.html", "normalized": "http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/unfairuse.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Georgetown University", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": ".org/IP/DMCA/20030102_dmca_unintended_consequences.html. Also see Julie Cohen, “Call It the Digital Millennium Censorship Act: Unfair Use,” The New Republic Online, May 23, 2000, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/ unfairuse.html. 8. See http://creativecommons.org/. 9. In Schlager and Ostrom 1992, the term used for extraction is withdrawal.", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0037", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "Republic Online, May 23, 2000, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/jec/ unfairuse.html. 8. See http://creativecommons.org/. 9. In Schlager and Ostrom 1992, the term used for extraction is withdrawal. 10. “Offering your work under a Creative Commons license does not mean", "sourceLineIndex": "16" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0038", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "10. “Offering your work under a Creative Commons license does not mean giving up your copyright. It means offering some of your rights to any member of the public but only on certain conditions.” http://creativecommons.org/ about/licenses. 11. Vincent Ostrom has repeatedly emphasized the artifactual nature of knowl- edge and institutions:", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0039", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "12. There are numerous works on the nature and application of rules by commons scholars. See Agrawal 1994; Poteete and Welch 2004; Ostrom 2005; Young 1996; and search “rules” at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php. 13. See http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html for a comprehensive list of visibility/usage/impact studies.", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0040", "printed": "http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html", "normalized": "http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "84", "pdfPageEnd": "84", "printedPage": "69", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "commons scholars. See Agrawal 1994; Poteete and Welch 2004; Ostrom 2005; Young 1996; and search “rules” at http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/cpr/index.php. 13. See http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html for a comprehensive list of visibility/usage/impact studies. 14. A 1995 survey revealed that the main index of scientific journals, the Science", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0041", "printed": "http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html", "normalized": "http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "similar patterns to non-OA journals, but that the citations of OA journal arti- cles appear earlier than for hardcopy articles (Testa and McVeigh 2004; Pringle 2004). See The Open Citation Project at http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio .html for a comprehensive, frequently updated bibliography of open-access vis- ibility studies. 16. See “MIT's DSpace Experience: A Case Study,” http://www.dspace.org/", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0042", "printed": "http://www.dspace.org/implement/case-study.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.dspace.org/implement/case-study.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": ".html for a comprehensive, frequently updated bibliography of open-access vis- ibility studies. 16. See “MIT's DSpace Experience: A Case Study,” http://www.dspace.org/ implement/case-study.pdf. 17. “Key to any success was defining the problem confronting us. It is not ‘the library problem' or ‘the Provost's problem,' but ‘the scholarly communication", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0043", "printed": "http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/", "normalized": "http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "OAIster / University of Michigan", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "articles. 19. OAIster harvests data from 6,073,500 records from 572 institutions. See http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/. 20. See http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html. 21. OA means “immediate, permanent, free online access to the full text of all", "sourceLineIndex": "26" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0044", "printed": "http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html", "normalized": "http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Max Planck Society / Berlin Declaration", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "19. OAIster harvests data from 6,073,500 records from 572 institutions. See http://oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaister/. 20. See http://www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html. 21. OA means “immediate, permanent, free online access to the full text of all refereed research journal articles” (Harnad 2005).", "sourceLineIndex": "27" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0045", "printed": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "21. OA means “immediate, permanent, free online access to the full text of all refereed research journal articles” (Harnad 2005). 22. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm. 23. The endorsement is online at http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly _information/scholarly_resolution.htm.", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0046", "printed": "http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly_information/scholarly_resolution.htm", "normalized": "http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly_information/scholarly_resolution.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "University of Kansas", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "refereed research journal articles” (Harnad 2005). 22. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/UKSTC.htm. 23. The endorsement is online at http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly _information/scholarly_resolution.htm. 24. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/. 25. At http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. The DLC went online in 2001.", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0047", "printed": "https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/", "normalized": "https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "KU ScholarWorks", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "23. The endorsement is online at http://www.provost.ku.edu/policy/scholarly _information/scholarly_resolution.htm. 24. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/. 25. At http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. The DLC went online in 2001. 26. The DLC staff will digitize hardcopy texts and images, convert them to PDF", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0048", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "85", "pdfPageEnd": "85", "printedPage": "70", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "_information/scholarly_resolution.htm. 24. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/. 25. At http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. The DLC went online in 2001. 26. The DLC staff will digitize hardcopy texts and images, convert them to PDF files, assign the metadata, and submit them for those who do not want to go to", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0049", "printed": "http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/brief_common.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/brief_common.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "86", "pdfPageEnd": "86", "printedPage": "71", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Centre for International Sustainable Development Law", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "29. This is the notion of “common but differentiated responsibilities” frequently applied in international law and promoted in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, August 2002. See http://www.cisdl.org/pdf/ brief_common.pdf. 30. Governance has to do with humans trying to find ways of making decisions that reduce the level of unwanted outcomes and increase the level of desirable", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0050", "printed": "http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/adar/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/adar/index.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "86", "pdfPageEnd": "86", "printedPage": "71", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "References Adar, Eytan, and Bernardo A. Huberman 2000. “Free Riding on Gnutella.” First Monday 5(10). http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_10/adar/index.html. Agrawal, Arun. 1994. “Rules, Rule Making, and Rule Breaking: Examining the Fit between Rule Systems and Resource Use.” In E. Ostrom, R. Gardner, and", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0051", "printed": "http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/open/open-2005-006.pdf", "normalized": "http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/open/open-2005-006.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "86", "pdfPageEnd": "86", "printedPage": "71", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "CERN", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Press. Altarelli, Guido. 2005. “Continuing CERN Action on Open Access.” CERN Scientific Information Policy Board. http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/ preprints/open/open-2005-006.pdf. Andersson, Krister P., and Marilyn W. Hoskins. 2004. “Information Use and Abuse in the Local Governance of Common-Pool Forest Resources.” Forests,", "sourceLineIndex": "28" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0052", "printed": "http://www.researchinformation.info/rioctnov05repositories.html", "normalized": "http://www.researchinformation.info/rioctnov05repositories.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "86", "pdfPageEnd": "86", "printedPage": "71", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Research Information", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Trees and Livelihoods 14:295–312. Anscombe, Nadya. 2005. “Repositories: Archive Programmes Gain Momentum.” Research Information 19 (October/November). http://www.researchinformation .info/rioctnov05repositories.html. Argyres, N. S., and J. P. 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Swan, Alma, and Paul Needham. 2005. “Developing a Model for E-prints and Open Access Journal Content in UK Further and Higher Education.” Learned", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0115", "printed": "http://cogprints.org/4120/", "normalized": "http://cogprints.org/4120/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "95", "pdfPageEnd": "95", "printedPage": "80", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "CogPrints", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Swan, Alma, and Paul Needham. 2005. “Developing a Model for E-prints and Open Access Journal Content in UK Further and Higher Education.” Learned Publishing 18(1). http://cogprints.org/4120/. Tabb, Winston. 2004. “Academic Libraries: New Directions, New Partners.” Presented at the Seventh International Bielefeld Conference, “Thinking beyond", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0116", "printed": "http://conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/proceedings/tabb.pdf", "normalized": "http://conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/proceedings/tabb.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "96", "pdfPageEnd": "96", "printedPage": "81", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Bielefeld University", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Digital Libraries: Designing the Information Strategy for the Next Decade,” Bielefeld, Germany, February 4, 2004. http://conference.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/ proceedings/tabb.pdf. Testa, J., and M. E. McVeigh. 2004. “The Impact of Open Access Journals: A Citation Study from Thomson ISI.” http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0117", "printed": "http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "96", "pdfPageEnd": "96", "printedPage": "81", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Thomson ISI", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "proceedings/tabb.pdf. Testa, J., and M. E. McVeigh. 2004. “The Impact of Open Access Journals: A Citation Study from Thomson ISI.” http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/ acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf. Thorin, Suzanne. 2003. “Global Changes in Scholarly Communication.” Pre- sented at e-Workshops on Scholarly Communication in the Digital Era, Feng", "sourceLineIndex": "5" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0118", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines/Thorin.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines/Thorin.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "96", "pdfPageEnd": "96", "printedPage": "81", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Thorin, Suzanne. 2003. “Global Changes in Scholarly Communication.” Pre- sented at e-Workshops on Scholarly Communication in the Digital Era, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, August 11–24, 2003. http://www.arl.org/ scomm/disciplines/Thorin.pdf. Turner, Roy M. 1993. “The Tragedy of the Commons and Distributed AI Systems.” Presented at the Twelfth International Workshop on Distributed Arti-", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0119", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/contents.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/contents.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "96", "pdfPageEnd": "96", "printedPage": "81", "chapter": "3 - A Framework for Analyzing the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Waters, Donald. 2002. “Good Archives Make Good Scholars: Reflections on Recent Steps Toward the Archiving of Digital Information.” Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR). http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/ contents.html. Weber, Steven. 2004. The Success of Open Source. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0120", "printed": "ArXiv.org", "normalized": "ArXiv.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "113", "pdfPageEnd": "113", "printedPage": "98", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Like universities, academic disciplines have also created a rich array of digital repositories. The first, the Los Alamos ArXiv.org, begun in 1991 by physicist Paul Ginsparg, provides low-cost access to scientific research papers in physics and related fields before peer review and sub-", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0121", "printed": "ArXiv.org", "normalized": "ArXiv.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "113", "pdfPageEnd": "113", "printedPage": "98", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "distribution server, now maintained by the Cornell University Libraries, receives as many as 300,000 queries per day, and includes more than 350,000 papers.58 By 2003, papers located on the ArXiv.org e-print service were cited about twice as often as astrophysics papers that were not, according to a report presented at the American Astronomical", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0122", "printed": "ArXiv.org", "normalized": "ArXiv.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "113", "pdfPageEnd": "113", "printedPage": "98", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "not, according to a report presented at the American Astronomical Society (AAS) Publications Board in November 2003.59 Following the success of ArXiv.org, numerous other disciplines have created reposito- ries, such as EconWPA, the Oxford Text Archive, the PhilSci Archive, the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, the Conser-", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0123", "printed": "arXiv.org", "normalized": "arXiv.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "125", "pdfPageEnd": "125", "printedPage": "110", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "evolve, we need to learn how to avoid the tragedy of the commons by studying viable governance, management, and financial structures. We need to conduct case studies of mature projects like arXiv.org so we can learn best practices, apply them to other projects, and inform the dis- course about commons. Likewise, we need to monitor and evaluate the", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0124", "printed": "info-commons.org", "normalized": "info-commons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "127", "pdfPageEnd": "127", "printedPage": "112", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Info-Commons / American Library Association", "contextClassification": "media", "nearbyText": "Finally, it is important to recognize that building information commons does not mean a total rejection of the for-profit media indus- try. As Frederick Emrich, the editor of the info-commons.org website, points out: “Commercial uses of information serve a vital role in ensur- ing that new ideas are produced. So long as commercial uses of infor-", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0125", "printed": "http://support.dialog.com/publications/chronolog/200206/1020628.shtml", "normalized": "http://support.dialog.com/publications/chronolog/200206/1020628.shtml", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "128", "pdfPageEnd": "128", "printedPage": "113", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "support.dialog.com", "contextClassification": "conference / workshop / event", "nearbyText": "3. Roger Summit, “Reflections on the Beginnings of Dialog: The Birth of Online Information Access,” Dialog Corporation History (June 2002), http://support .dialog.com/publications/chronolog/200206/1020628.shtml; see also Christine Borgman, From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure: Access to Information in the Networked World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0126", "printed": "http://www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html", "normalized": "http://www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "128", "pdfPageEnd": "128", "printedPage": "113", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Brown University", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "7. Scott J. Turner, “Library Sees Red over Rising Journal Prices: Dangling Red Tags Are Marking Periodicals That Have One-Year Subscription Rates of $1,000 or Higher,” George Street Journal 24 (March 10–16, 2000), http:// www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html; Lee Van Orsdel and Kathleen Born, “Big Chill on the Big Deal?”, Library Journal, 128/7 (April 15, 2003): 51–56, http://www.libraryjournal.com/", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0127", "printed": "http://www.libraryjournal.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA289187&publication=libraryjournal", "normalized": "http://www.libraryjournal.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA289187&publication=libraryjournal", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "128", "pdfPageEnd": "128", "printedPage": "113", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Library Journal", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol24/24GSJ19c.html; Lee Van Orsdel and Kathleen Born, “Big Chill on the Big Deal?”, Library Journal, 128/7 (April 15, 2003): 51–56, http://www.libraryjournal.com/ index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA289187&publication=libraryjournal. 8. Carl T. Bergstrom and Theodore C. Bergstrom, “The Costs and Benefits of Library Site Licenses to Academic Journals,” Proceedings of the National", "sourceLineIndex": "26" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0128", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "128", "pdfPageEnd": "128", "printedPage": "113", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Libraries, SPARC, Create Change: New Systems of Scholarly Communication (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, October 2003), http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf. 10. For more details about the impact of these developments, see Brian Hawkins and Patricia Battin, The Mirage of Continuity: Reconfiguring Academic Infor-", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0129", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/Thorin.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/Thorin.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "128", "pdfPageEnd": "128", "printedPage": "113", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Suzanne Thorin, “Global Changes in Scholarly Communication,” paper pre- sented at e-Workshops on Scholarly Communication in the Digital Era, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, August 11–24, 2003, http://www.arl.org/ scomm/Thorin.pdf; Information Access Alliance, Publisher Mergers Threaten Access to Scientific, Medical, and Research Information (Washington, DC: Infor- mation Access Alliance, 2003), http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background", "sourceLineIndex": "41" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0130", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background_info.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background_info.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "128", "pdfPageEnd": "128", "printedPage": "113", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "scomm/Thorin.pdf; Information Access Alliance, Publisher Mergers Threaten Access to Scientific, Medical, and Research Information (Washington, DC: Infor- mation Access Alliance, 2003), http://www.arl.org/scomm/mergers/background _info.pdf. Countering Enclosure 113", "sourceLineIndex": "44" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0131", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/09okerson.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/09okerson.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "11. Ann Okerson, “The LIBLICENSE Project and How it Grows,” D-Lib Mag- azine, 5/9 (September 1999), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/ 09okerson.html; Yale University Libraries and the Council on Library Resources, Liblicense, website for resources about library licenses, http://www.library .yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml; AFFECT: Americans for Fair Electronic Com-", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0132", "printed": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Liblicense / Yale University Library", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "azine, 5/9 (September 1999), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/okerson/ 09okerson.html; Yale University Libraries and the Council on Library Resources, Liblicense, website for resources about library licenses, http://www.library .yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml; AFFECT: Americans for Fair Electronic Com- merce Transactions, “Why We Oppose UCITA,” http://www.affect.ucita.com/ why.html.", "sourceLineIndex": "4" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0133", "printed": "http://www.affect.ucita.com/why.html", "normalized": "http://www.affect.ucita.com/why.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "AFFECT / UCITA", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "Liblicense, website for resources about library licenses, http://www.library .yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml; AFFECT: Americans for Fair Electronic Com- merce Transactions, “Why We Oppose UCITA,” http://www.affect.ucita.com/ why.html. 12. Brian Kahin, “Scholarly Communication in the Networked Environment: Issues of Principle, Policy, and Practice,” in Robin P. Peek and Gregory B. Newby,", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0134", "printed": "http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-273A1.pdf", "normalized": "http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-273A1.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Federal Communications Commission", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "16. “Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,” In the Matter of: Digital Broadcast Content Protection, MB Docket 02-230, Novem- ber 4, 2003, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-273A1 .pdf. In March 2004, the American Library Association and Public Knowledge filed suit challenging the FCC's authority to issue these regulations. See Ameri- can Library Association v. FCC, No. 04-1037 (D.C. Cir., filed March 3, 2004).", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0135", "printed": "http://www.cdt.org/copyright/031216broadcastflag.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.cdt.org/copyright/031216broadcastflag.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Center for Democracy & Technology", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "nology, Implications of the Broadcast Flag: A Public Interest Primer (version 2.0) (Washington, DC: Center for Democracy and Technology, December 2003), http://www.cdt.org/copyright/031216broadcastflag.pdf; Public Knowledge,", "sourceLineIndex": "29" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0136", "printed": "http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue-broadcast-flag/", "normalized": "http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue-broadcast-flag/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Public Knowledge", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Broadcast Flag, http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue -broadcast-flag/. 17. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 123 S.Ct. 769 (2003), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf. Documents filed in the case are available at", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0137", "printed": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Supreme Court of the United States", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "http://www.publicknowledge.org/issues/current-issues/issue -broadcast-flag/. 17. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 123 S.Ct. 769 (2003), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf. Documents filed in the case are available at http://eldred.cc/; for additional background, see Marjorie Heins, “The Progress of Science and Useful Arts”: Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0138", "printed": "http://eldred.cc/", "normalized": "http://eldred.cc/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Eldred v. Ashcroft campaign", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "17. Eldred v. Ashcroft, 123 S.Ct. 769 (2003), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf. Documents filed in the case are available at http://eldred.cc/; for additional background, see Marjorie Heins, “The Progress of Science and Useful Arts”: Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual Freedom (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, 2003), 15–23; American", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0139", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=copyrightcases&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=20264", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=copyrightcases&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=20264", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "129", "pdfPageEnd": "129", "printedPage": "114", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "of Science and Useful Arts”: Why Copyright Today Threatens Intellectual Freedom (New York: Free Expression Policy Project, 2003), 15–23; American Library Association, Eldred v. 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Grokster, U.S. Supreme Court, No. 04-480, Syllabus and", "sourceLineIndex": "45" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0142", "printed": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-361.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-361.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "130", "pdfPageEnd": "130", "printedPage": "115", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Supreme Court of the United States", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "19. For more information about filters and CIPA, see U.S. Supreme Court, United States et al. v. 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For more information, see SPARC, http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp ?page=a0.", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0166", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=a0", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=a0", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "42. Peter Levine, “Building the Electronic Commons,” The Good Society 11/3 (2002): 5–8, http://www.peterlevine.ws/goodsociety.pdf. 43. For more information, see SPARC, http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp ?page=a0. 44. 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Peter Suber, “Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open", "sourceLineIndex": "28" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0170", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "more information about these issues, see the Association of Learned and Pro- fessional Society Publishers, website, http://www.alpsp.org/default.htm; the Free Online Scholarship Newsletter and blog, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/. 45. 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Peter Suber, “Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians,” College & Research Libraries News 64/2 (February 2003): 92–94, 113, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm; Gerry McKiernan, “Open Access and Retrieval: Liberating the Scholarly Literature,” in David Fowler, ed., E-Serials Collection Management: Transitions, Trends, and", "sourceLineIndex": "32" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0172", "printed": "http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Iowa State University / Gerry McKiernan", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "in David Fowler, ed., E-Serials Collection Management: Transitions, Trends, and Technicalities (New York: Haworth Information Press, 2004), 197–220, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf; Association of Research Libraries, “What Is Open Access,” Washington, DC, http://www.arl.org/scomm/ open_access/framing.html#openaccess; David Prosser, “On the Transition of", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0173", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/open_access/framing.html#openaccess", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/open_access/framing.html#openaccess", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Technicalities (New York: Haworth Information Press, 2004), 197–220, http://www.public.iastate.edu/~gerrymck/Open.pdf; Association of Research Libraries, “What Is Open Access,” Washington, DC, http://www.arl.org/scomm/ open_access/framing.html#openaccess; David Prosser, “On the Transition of Journals to Open Access,” ARL Bimonthly Report, no. 227 (April 2003): 1–3, http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html; Walt Crawford, “A Scholarly", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0174", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "open_access/framing.html#openaccess; David Prosser, “On the Transition of Journals to Open Access,” ARL Bimonthly Report, no. 227 (April 2003): 1–3, http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html; Walt Crawford, “A Scholarly Access Perspective,” Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large, 3/13 (November 2003), http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf; Paula Hane, “The Latest Develop-", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0175", "printed": "http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf", "normalized": "http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Cites & Insights", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "http://www.arl.org/newsltr/227/openaccess.html; Walt Crawford, “A Scholarly Access Perspective,” Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large, 3/13 (November 2003), http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf; Paula Hane, “The Latest Develop- ments in Open Access, E-Books and More,” Information Today, 21/1 (January 2, 2004), http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml. For a timeline of", "sourceLineIndex": "42" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0176", "printed": "http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "132", "pdfPageEnd": "132", "printedPage": "117", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Information Today", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "2003), http://cites.boisestate.edu/civ3i13.pdf; Paula Hane, “The Latest Develop- ments in Open Access, E-Books and More,” Information Today, 21/1 (January 2, 2004), http://www.infotoday.com/IT/jan04/hane1.shtml. For a timeline of the open-access movement, see Peter Suber, “Timeline of the Free Online Countering Enclosure", "sourceLineIndex": "44" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0177", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Scholarship Movement,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. See also SPARC Open Access Newsletter (Washington, DC: SPARC), http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/; Peter Suber, Open Access News Blog, http://", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0178", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Scholarship Movement,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. See also SPARC Open Access Newsletter (Washington, DC: SPARC), http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/; Peter Suber, Open Access News Blog, http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 46. For more information including a Guide to Business Planning, see Budapest", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0179", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Scholarship Movement,” http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. See also SPARC Open Access Newsletter (Washington, DC: SPARC), http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/; Peter Suber, Open Access News Blog, http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 46. For more information including a Guide to Business Planning, see Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/.", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0180", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html. 46. For more information including a Guide to Business Planning, see Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/. 47. Steve Lawrence, “Online or Invisible?”, Nature 411/6837 (2001): 521. 48. Lund University Libraries, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund,", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0181", "printed": "http://www.doaj.org", "normalized": "http://www.doaj.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Directory of Open Access Journals", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "47. Steve Lawrence, “Online or Invisible?”, Nature 411/6837 (2001): 521. 48. Lund University Libraries, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund, Sweden: Lund University Libraries), http://www.doaj.org. 49. For more information about BioMedCentral, see http://www.biomedcentral .com.", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0182", "printed": "http://www.biomedcentral.com", "normalized": "http://www.biomedcentral.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "BioMed Central", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "48. Lund University Libraries, Directory of Open Access Journals (Lund, Sweden: Lund University Libraries), http://www.doaj.org. 49. For more information about BioMedCentral, see http://www.biomedcentral .com. 50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,”", "sourceLineIndex": "10" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0183", "printed": "http://www.plos.org/", "normalized": "http://www.plos.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Public Library of Science", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "49. For more information about BioMedCentral, see http://www.biomedcentral .com. 50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,” New Scientist.com 18/18 (August 19, 2003), http://www.newscientist.com/", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0184", "printed": "Scientist.com", "normalized": "Scientist.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "scientist.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,” New Scientist.com 18/18 (August 19, 2003), http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071; Marydee Ojala, “Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0185", "printed": "http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071", "normalized": "http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "New Scientist", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "50. Public Library of Science, http://www.plos.org/. For background informa- tion about PLoS, see Kurt Kleiner, “Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview,” New Scientist.com 18/18 (August 19, 2003), http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071; Marydee Ojala, “Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources (October 2003), http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552.", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0186", "printed": "http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552", "normalized": "http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "EContent", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071; Marydee Ojala, “Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources (October 2003), http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552. 51. For more information about BioOne, see SPARC, BioOne, http://www.arl .org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3.", "sourceLineIndex": "17" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0187", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Public Library of Science,” EContent: Digital Content Strategies and Resources (October 2003), http://www.econtentmag.com/?ArticleID=5552. 51. For more information about BioOne, see SPARC, BioOne, http://www.arl .org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3. 52. National Institutes of Health, Public Access, http://publicaccess.nih.gov/. 53. For more information, see Open Archives Initiative, website, http://www", "sourceLineIndex": "18" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0188", "printed": "http://publicaccess.nih.gov/", "normalized": "http://publicaccess.nih.gov/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "NIH Public Access", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "51. For more information about BioOne, see SPARC, BioOne, http://www.arl .org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3. 52. National Institutes of Health, Public Access, http://publicaccess.nih.gov/. 53. For more information, see Open Archives Initiative, website, http://www .openarchives.org/.", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0189", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": ".org/sparc/core/index.asp?page=d3. 52. National Institutes of Health, Public Access, http://publicaccess.nih.gov/. 53. For more information, see Open Archives Initiative, website, http://www .openarchives.org/. 54. This effort was boosted by articulation of the characteristics and responsi- bilities for large-scale, heterogeneous collections, which helped digital reposito-", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0190", "printed": "http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.rlg.org/longterm/repositories.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Research Libraries Group", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "ries provide the reliable, long-term access to resources. See Research Libraries Group and OCLC, Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities (Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group, May 2002), http://www.rlg.org/ longterm/repositories.pdf; see also Hess and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facil- ities,” 139–141. 55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org.", "sourceLineIndex": "27" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0191", "printed": "http://www.dspace.org", "normalized": "http://www.dspace.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "longterm/repositories.pdf; see also Hess and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facil- ities,” 139–141. 55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org. 56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0192", "printed": "www.erudit.org", "normalized": "www.erudit.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Érudit", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "ities,” 139–141. 55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org. 56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional Repository of Utrecht University, http://dispute.library.uu.nl/.", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0193", "printed": "http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/", "normalized": "http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "California Digital Library / eScholarship", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "55. DSpace Federation, http://www.dspace.org. 56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional Repository of Utrecht University, http://dispute.library.uu.nl/. 57. Ann Wolford, “The Role of the Research University in Strengthening the", "sourceLineIndex": "32" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0194", "printed": "http://dispute.library.uu.nl/", "normalized": "http://dispute.library.uu.nl/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Utrecht University institutional repository (DISPUTE)", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "56. See University of Montreal, Erudit, www.erudit.org; California Digital Library, eScholarship, http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/; Institutional Repository of Utrecht University, http://dispute.library.uu.nl/. 57. Ann Wolford, “The Role of the Research University in Strengthening the Intellectual Commons: The OpenCourseWare and DSpace Initiatives at MIT,”", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0195", "printed": "http://books.nap.edu/books/030908850X/html/187.html#pagetop", "normalized": "http://books.nap.edu/books/030908850X/html/187.html#pagetop", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "National Academies Press", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "tions (BISO), The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2003), 187–190, http://books.nap.edu/books/030908850X/ html/187.html#pagetop; Clifford A.", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0196", "printed": "http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal", "normalized": "http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "133", "pdfPageEnd": "133", "printedPage": "118", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Project MUSE", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the Digital Age,” portal: Libraries and the Academy, 3/2 (April 2003): 327, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal 118 Nancy Kranich", "sourceLineIndex": "47" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0197", "printed": "http://www.dspace.org/", "normalized": "http://www.dspace.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "DSpace", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "_libraries_and_the_academy/v003/3.2lynch.html. See also Vivien Marx, “In DSpace, Ideas Are Forever,” New York Times (August 3, 2003): 4A, 8. The MIT DSpace digital repository is available at http://www.dspace.org/. MIT has also created OpenCourseWare, a collaborative courseware exchange, http://ocw.mit .edu/.", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0198", "printed": "http://ocw.mit.edu/", "normalized": "http://ocw.mit.edu/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "MIT OpenCourseWare", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "DSpace, Ideas Are Forever,” New York Times (August 3, 2003): 4A, 8. The MIT DSpace digital repository is available at http://www.dspace.org/. MIT has also created OpenCourseWare, a collaborative courseware exchange, http://ocw.mit .edu/. 58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at", "sourceLineIndex": "4" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0199", "printed": "http://www.arxiv.org/", "normalized": "http://www.arxiv.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "created OpenCourseWare, a collaborative courseware exchange, http://ocw.mit .edu/. 58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0200", "printed": "http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph", "normalized": "http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": ".edu/. 58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer Review Be Better Focused?”, http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html.", "sourceLineIndex": "7" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0201", "printed": "http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions", "normalized": "http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "58. See Los Alamos e-Print Archive, http://www.arxiv.org/. Site use is reported at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer Review Be Better Focused?”, http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html. 59. “Summary of presentation by Greg Schwartz at the November 3–4 meeting", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0202", "printed": "http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html", "normalized": "http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "arXiv", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "at http://arxiv.org/show_weekdays_graph; site submissions are reported at http://arxiv.org/show_monthly_submissions. See also Paul Ginsparg, “Can Peer Review Be Better Focused?”, http://arxiv.org/blurb/pg02pr.html. 59. “Summary of presentation by Greg Schwartz at the November 3–4 meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) Publications Board,” PAMnet", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0203", "printed": "http://listserv.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0311&L=pamnet&D=1&O=D&P=1632", "normalized": "http://listserv.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0311&L=pamnet&D=1&O=D&P=1632", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Notre Dame LISTSERV", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "November 13, http://listserv.nd.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0311&L= pamnet&D=1&O=D&P=1632. 60. 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Stevan Harnad, “Self-Archive Unto Others,” University Affairs: Canada's", "sourceLineIndex": "29" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0210", "printed": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/", "normalized": "http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Digital Library of the Commons", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "http://www.ndltd.org/; IUCN—World Conservation Union, Conservation Commons, http://www.conservationcommons.org, the Digital Library of the Commons, http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/. 61. Stevan Harnad, “Self-Archive Unto Others,” University Affairs: Canada's Magazine on Higher Education and Academic Jobs (December 2003),", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0211", "printed": "http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html", "normalized": "http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "University Affairs", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "61. Stevan Harnad, “Self-Archive Unto Others,” University Affairs: Canada's Magazine on Higher Education and Academic Jobs (December 2003), http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html; Stevan Harnad, “Maximizing University Research Impact through Self-Archiving,” University of Quebec at Montreal, http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm; Hess", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0212", "printed": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassification": "law / court / government record", "nearbyText": "http://www.universityaffairs.ca/issues/2003/dec/opinion.html; Stevan Harnad, “Maximizing University Research Impact through Self-Archiving,” University of Quebec at Montreal, http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/Temp/che.htm; Hess and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities,” 143. See also Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open Archiving) at the University of Loughborough,", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0213", "printed": "http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/", "normalized": "http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "RoMEO / Loughborough University", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "and Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities,” 143. See also Project RoMEO (Rights MEtadata for Open Archiving) at the University of Loughborough, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/; EPrints.org—Self- Archiving and Open Archives, http://www.eprints.org/.", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0214", "printed": "EPrints.org", "normalized": "EPrints.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "(Rights MEtadata for Open Archiving) at the University of Loughborough, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/; EPrints.org—Self- Archiving and Open Archives, http://www.eprints.org/. 62. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin, The Digital Library: A Biogra-", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0215", "printed": "http://www.eprints.org/", "normalized": "http://www.eprints.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/romeo/; EPrints.org—Self- Archiving and Open Archives, http://www.eprints.org/. 62. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin, The Digital Library: A Biogra- phy (Washington, DC: Digital Library Federation, December 2002),", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0216", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub109/contents.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub109/contents.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "62. Daniel Greenstein and Suzanne E. Thorin, The Digital Library: A Biogra- phy (Washington, DC: Digital Library Federation, December 2002), http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub109/contents.html. 63. John Markoff and Edward Wyatt, “Google Is Adding Major Libraries to Its Database,” New York Times (December 14, 2004): A1; Scott Carlson and Jeffrey", "sourceLineIndex": "43" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0217", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/al_onlineTemplate.cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=108705", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/al_onlineTemplate.cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=108705", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Research Libraries,” Chronicle of Higher Education (December 14, 2004). 64. “Google Makes Its First Public Domain Books Available Online,” American Libraries Online (November 4, 2005), http://www.ala.org/al_onlineTemplate .cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/Content Display.cfm&ContentID=108705. 65. Open Access Alliance, http://www.opencontentalliance.org/; “The Open Content Alliance,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter, no. 91 (November 2, 2005),", "sourceLineIndex": "49" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0218", "printed": "http://www.opencontentalliance.org/", "normalized": "http://www.opencontentalliance.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "134", "pdfPageEnd": "134", "printedPage": "119", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Open Content Alliance", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": ".cfm?Section=American_Libraries&template=/ContentManagement/Content Display.cfm&ContentID=108705. 65. 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Countering Enclosure 119", "sourceLineIndex": "54" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0220", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/clirinhouse/house19.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/clirinhouse/house19.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "(November–December 2003), http://www.clir.org/pubs/ clirinhouse/house19.html. 67. Philip Pothen, “Building a Common Information Environment,” CILIP Library/Information", "sourceLineIndex": "7" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0221", "printed": "http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm", "normalized": "http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "(December 2003), http://www.cilip.org.uk/ publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm 68. National Science Foundation, “The National Science Digital Library: About NSDL,” http://nsdl.org/about/index.php; Lee Zia, “The NSF National Science,", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0222", "printed": "http://nsdl.org/about/index.php", "normalized": "http://nsdl.org/about/index.php", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "National Science Digital Library", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive2003/december/update0312d.htm 68. National Science Foundation, “The National Science Digital Library: About NSDL,” http://nsdl.org/about/index.php; Lee Zia, “The NSF National Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education Digital Library (NSDL) Program: New Projects and a Progress Report,” D-Lib Magazine 7/11 (Novem-", "sourceLineIndex": "17" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0223", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education Digital Library (NSDL) Program: New Projects and a Progress Report,” D-Lib Magazine 7/11 (Novem- ber 2001), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html. 69. See http://www.digitalpromise.org. See also Thomas Kalil, Designing a Digital Opportunity Investment Trust: An Information Commons for e-", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0224", "printed": "http://www.digitalpromise.org", "normalized": "http://www.digitalpromise.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Digital Promise", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Program: New Projects and a Progress Report,” D-Lib Magazine 7/11 (Novem- ber 2001), http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november01/zia/11zia.html. 69. See http://www.digitalpromise.org. See also Thomas Kalil, Designing a Digital Opportunity Investment Trust: An Information Commons for e- Learning (Washington, DC: New America Foundation, June 2002), http://", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0225", "printed": "http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=848&T2=Article", "normalized": "http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=848&T2=Article", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "New America Foundation", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "69. See http://www.digitalpromise.org. See also Thomas Kalil, Designing a Digital Opportunity Investment Trust: An Information Commons for e- Learning (Washington, DC: New America Foundation, June 2002), http:// www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=848&T2= Article. A bill to support this effort, “The Digital Opportunity (HR2512) Trust Act,” was introduced in the House of Reprentatives on May 19, 2005. 70. Donald Waters, chapter 6, this volume.", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0226", "printed": "http://lockss.stanford.edu/", "normalized": "http://lockss.stanford.edu/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "LOCKSS", "contextClassification": "educational / reference resource", "nearbyText": "Act,” was introduced in the House of Reprentatives on May 19, 2005. 70. Donald Waters, chapter 6, this volume. 71. LOCKSS [website]. http://lockss.stanford.edu/. 72. For more background on learning communities, see John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, “Universities in the Digital Age,” in Brian L. Hawkins and Patri-", "sourceLineIndex": "28" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0227", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub122/pub122web.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub122/pub122web.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "135", "pdfPageEnd": "135", "printedPage": "120", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "63/3 (March 2002): 190–192. 73. Scott Bennett, Libraries Designed for Learning (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, November 2003), 43–44, http:// www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub122/pub122web.pdf. 74. 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Association of College and Research Libraries, Association of Research Libraries, SPARC, Create Change: New Systems of Scholarly Communication", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0230", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "136", "pdfPageEnd": "136", "printedPage": "121", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Libraries, SPARC, Create Change: New Systems of Scholarly Communication (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, October 2003), http://www.arl.org/create/resources/CreateChange2003.pdf. 79. 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For background information and licensing forms, see Creative Commons, website, http://creativecommons.org/. See also Glenn Otis Brown, “Academic", "sourceLineIndex": "16" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0232", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "136", "pdfPageEnd": "136", "printedPage": "121", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "ala/acrl/acrlissues/scholarlycomm/scholarlycommunicationtoolkit/toolkit.htm. 80. For background information and licensing forms, see Creative Commons, website, http://creativecommons.org/. 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See also Glenn Otis Brown, “Academic Digital Rights: A Walk on the Creative Commons,” Syllabus (April 1, 2003), http://www.syllabus.com/article.asp?id=7475; Richard Poynder, “Reclaiming the Digital Commons: Investigative Report,” Information Today 20/6 (June 2003): 33–35.", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0234", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub108/evolution.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub108/evolution.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "136", "pdfPageEnd": "136", "printedPage": "121", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "84. Wendy Pradt Lougee, Diffuse Libraries: Emergent Roles for the Research Library in the Digital Age (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Informa- tion Resources, August 2002), 4, http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub108/ evolution.html. 85. Ostrom and Hess, chapter 3, this volume; Hess and Ostrom, 2003. 86. “Evolution in Open Access: Biomed Central Alters Its Membership Model,”", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0235", "printed": "http://senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "normalized": "http://senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "136", "pdfPageEnd": "137", "printedPage": "121", "chapter": "4 - Countering Enclosure: Reclaiming the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "University of Connecticut Senate", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Change,” Library Journal Academic Newswire (February 17, 2004). 88. See, for example, University of Connecticut Faculty Senate, Report and Res- olution on the Crisis in Scholarly Communication (February 9, 2004), http:// Countering Enclosure 121 [continues on next PDF page] senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm. See", "sourceLineIndex": "44" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0236", "printed": "senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "normalized": "senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "137", "pdfPageEnd": "137", "printedPage": "122", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "University of Connecticut Senate", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "senate.uconn.edu/Report.20040209.Budget.scholarlycommunications.htm. See also Christopher A. Reed, “Just Say No to Exploitative Publishers of Science Journals,” Chronicle of Higher Education (February 20, 2004), and “One Year", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0237", "printed": "http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/groups/CIC/archive/Report/ScholarlyCommSummitReport_Feb04.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/groups/CIC/archive/Report/ScholarlyCommSummitReport_Feb04.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "137", "pdfPageEnd": "137", "printedPage": "122", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "Committee on Institutional Cooperation", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "90. Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), Report of the CIC Summit on Scholarly Communication in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Chicago: Committee on Institutional Cooperation December 2, 2003), http://www.cic .uiuc.edu/groups/CIC/archive/Report/ScholarlyCommSummitReport_Feb04.pdf. 91. Carol M. Rose, Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory, and Rhetoric of Ownership (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 6.", "sourceLineIndex": "10" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0238", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "137", "pdfPageEnd": "137", "printedPage": "122", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "Rhetoric of Ownership (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 6. 92. James Boyle, “A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?”, 1997, http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm. 93. Frederick Emrich, Welcome to Info-Commons.org (Washington, DC: American Library Association, June 2002), http://info-commons.org/arch/1/", "sourceLineIndex": "15" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0239", "printed": "Info-Commons.org", "normalized": "Info-Commons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "137", "pdfPageEnd": "137", "printedPage": "122", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "Info-Commons / American Library Association", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "92. James Boyle, “A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?”, 1997, http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm. 93. Frederick Emrich, Welcome to Info-Commons.org (Washington, DC: American Library Association, June 2002), http://info-commons.org/arch/1/ editor.html.", "sourceLineIndex": "16" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0240", "printed": "http://info-commons.org/arch/1/editor.html", "normalized": "http://info-commons.org/arch/1/editor.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "137", "pdfPageEnd": "137", "printedPage": "122", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "Info-Commons / American Library Association", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "Net?”, 1997, http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/intprop.htm. 93. Frederick Emrich, Welcome to Info-Commons.org (Washington, DC: American Library Association, June 2002), http://info-commons.org/arch/1/ editor.html. 122 Nancy Kranich", "sourceLineIndex": "17" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0241", "printed": "scratchdj.com", "normalized": "scratchdj.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "144", "pdfPageEnd": "144", "printedPage": "129", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "scratchdj.com", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "This information system is vital and dynamic because information sharing is almost frictionless. Material is passed along at low cost with few practical or legal barriers. Jeff Dalehite, webmaster of , is free to post the details of the early history of the phonograph without seeking the consent of his sources. Dalehite's site tells us that Thomas Edison invented the cylinder phono-", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0242", "printed": "http://james-boyle.com", "normalized": "http://james-boyle.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "155", "pdfPageEnd": "155", "printedPage": "140", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "James Boyle", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "large scholarly commons indeed. Notes This work is also made available on the author's website, http://james-boyle.com, under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, No- Derivs License; see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/. It draws", "sourceLineIndex": "15" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0243", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "155", "pdfPageEnd": "155", "printedPage": "140", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "This work is also made available on the author's website, http://james-boyle.com, under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, No- Derivs License; see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/. It draws on sections of a manuscript in progress called “The Public Domain: An Environmentalism for Information.”", "sourceLineIndex": "17" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0244", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "155", "pdfPageEnd": "155", "printedPage": "140", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "the Public Domain,” Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1–2):33–74. http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPBoyle “A Manifesto on WIPO and the Future of Intellectual Property,” Duke Law and Technology Review 9(2004):1–12.", "sourceLineIndex": "25" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0245", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPHess", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPHess", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "155", "pdfPageEnd": "155", "printedPage": "140", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "2. Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom, “Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Infor- mation as a Common-Pool Resource,” Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1–2):111–146. http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/66LCPHess 3. Merton's own views are, in fact, much more subtle than this abbreviated account suggests. See Robert K. Merton, On Social Structure and Science", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0246", "printed": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf", "normalized": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "www.law.wayne.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf.) See also Yochai Benkler, Coase's Penguin or Linux and the Nature of the Firm, http:// www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF; James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0247", "printed": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF", "normalized": "http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Yochai Benkler", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "http://www.law.wayne.edu/litman/papers/sharing&stealing;pdf.) See also Yochai Benkler, Coase's Penguin or Linux and the Nature of the Firm, http:// www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF; James Boyle, “The Second Enclosure Movement.” 7. Jeffrey Selingo, “When a Search Engine Isn't Enough, Call a Librarian,” New", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0248", "printed": "http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html", "normalized": "http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "www.hbci.com", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "Reference & User Services Quarterly 38:4(summer 1999):360–368. 8. See http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html and http://www", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0249", "printed": "http://www.elecdesign.com/", "normalized": "http://www.elecdesign.com/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "www.elecdesign.com", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/index.html and http://www .elecdesign.com/. 9. Litman, “Sharing and Stealing”. 10. “Law French” was an increasingly corrupt variety of Norman French used", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0250", "printed": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_French", "normalized": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_French", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Wikipedia", "contextClassification": "software / technical infrastructure", "nearbyText": "in the English common law. Its users believed that its arcane terminology gave greater precision while, to outsiders, it appeared merely another way to make the legal system incomprehensible to the laity. See http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Law_French and Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). 11. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Forecasting the Telephone: A Retrospective Technology", "sourceLineIndex": "27" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0251", "printed": "http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/121901_ss7.html", "normalized": "http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/121901_ss7.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "11. Ithiel de Sola Pool, Forecasting the Telephone: A Retrospective Technology Assessment (Norwood, NJ: ABLEX, 1983). 12. The true number was closer to 10,000,000; http://knowledge.wharton .upenn.edu/121901_ss7.html some estimates there are now closer to 1 billion cell phones worldwide. 13. Eric Von Hippel is the undisputed master of the literature on user-based", "sourceLineIndex": "32" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0252", "printed": "http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ.htm", "normalized": "http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "156", "pdfPageEnd": "156", "printedPage": "141", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "web.mit.edu", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "13. Eric Von Hippel is the undisputed master of the literature on user-based innovation. See his Democratizing Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), available in full online at http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ.htm. Allowing users to participate, formally or informally, in the shaping of reposi- tories obviously runs into a nontrivial design problem because of the “negative", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0253", "printed": "http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/18/medline.idg/", "normalized": "http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/18/medline.idg/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "157", "pdfPageEnd": "157", "printedPage": "142", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "edition.cnn.com", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "that is to say, easy to fix. 15. See Elana Varon, “Medline Plus: Online Medical Info for Ordinary People,” http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9901/18/medline.idg/. “Although the National Library of Medicine has always provided information to the public, its resources, including online databases, were designed for medical professionals.", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0254", "printed": "http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/", "normalized": "http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "157", "pdfPageEnd": "157", "printedPage": "142", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "www.nlm.nih.gov", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "information through the Internet, and there is growing public demand for health information.” Medline Plus can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. See also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/, a site that offers the following resources: “PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 14 million", "sourceLineIndex": "22" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0255", "printed": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/", "normalized": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "157", "pdfPageEnd": "157", "printedPage": "142", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "information.” Medline Plus can be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. See also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/, a site that offers the following resources: “PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 14 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These citations are from", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0256", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "157", "pdfPageEnd": "157", "printedPage": "142", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "medical literature is vital for patient groups and advocates. See In the Public Interest: Open Access and Public Policy, 2005 ACRL/SPARC Forum (2005), http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report. pdf. 17. From the Budapest Open Access Initiative website, http://www.soros.org/", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0257", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "157", "pdfPageEnd": "157", "printedPage": "142", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "http://www.arl.org/sparc/meetings/ala05mw/2005MW%20Forum%20_report. pdf. 17. From the Budapest Open Access Initiative website, http://www.soros.org/ openaccess/. 18. Grant Gross, “Bill Seeks Free Access to Federally Funded Research.” BIO- IT World (July 1, 2003), http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0258", "printed": "http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813.html", "normalized": "http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "157", "pdfPageEnd": "157", "printedPage": "142", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "www.bio-itworld.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "openaccess/. 18. Grant Gross, “Bill Seeks Free Access to Federally Funded Research.” BIO- IT World (July 1, 2003), http://www.bio-itworld.com/news/070103_report2813 .html. I support the overall goal of wider and freer access, but the tool chosen is a blunt and unfortunate one. 19. See Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement; Benkler, Coase's Penguin.", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0259", "printed": "http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "158", "pdfPageEnd": "158", "printedPage": "143", "chapter": "5 - Mertonianism Unbound? Imagining Free, Decentralized Access to Most Cultural and Scientific Material", "nearbyProject": "Duke University School of Law / Law and Contemporary Problems", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "works. And even gaining access to old films and music is often hard even for professional scholars. See “Duke Center for the Study of the Public Domain: Comments to the Copyright Office on Orphan Works,” http://www.law.duke .edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf. 22. See Von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation. Mertonianism Unbound?", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0260", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/principlesstrategies.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/principlesstrategies.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "179", "pdfPageEnd": "179", "printedPage": "164", "chapter": "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "larly Communication.” http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/whitepapers/ principlesstrategies.htm. Ayre, Catherine, and Adrienne Muir. 2004. “The Right to Preserve: The Rights Issues of Digital Preservation.” D-Lib Magazine 10(3). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0261", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march04/ayre/03ayre.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march04/ayre/03ayre.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "179", "pdfPageEnd": "179", "printedPage": "164", "chapter": "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "principlesstrategies.htm. Ayre, Catherine, and Adrienne Muir. 2004. “The Right to Preserve: The Rights Issues of Digital Preservation.” D-Lib Magazine 10(3). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/ march04/ayre/03ayre.html. Barton, Mary R., and Julie Harford Walker. 2003. “Building a Business Plan for DSpace, MIT Libraries' Digital Institutional Repository.” Journal of Digital", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0262", "printed": "http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Barton/", "normalized": "http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Barton/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "179", "pdfPageEnd": "179", "printedPage": "164", "chapter": "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Barton, Mary R., and Julie Harford Walker. 2003. “Building a Business Plan for DSpace, MIT Libraries' Digital Institutional Repository.” Journal of Digital Information 4(2). http://jodi.ecs.soton.ac.uk/Articles/v04/i02/Barton/. Beagrie, Neil. 2003. National Digital Preservation Initiatives: An Overview of Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom", "sourceLineIndex": "15" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0263", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub116/pub116.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub116/pub116.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "179", "pdfPageEnd": "179", "printedPage": "164", "chapter": "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom and of Related International Activity. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources and the Library of Congress. http://www.clir.org/pubs/ reports/pub116/pub116.pdf. Beagrie, Neil. 2005. “Plenty of Room at the Bottom? Personal Digital Libraries and Collections.” D-Lib Magazine 11(6). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0264", "printed": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/beagrie/06beagrie.html", "normalized": "http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/beagrie/06beagrie.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "179", "pdfPageEnd": "179", "printedPage": "164", "chapter": "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "D-Lib Magazine", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "reports/pub116/pub116.pdf. Beagrie, Neil. 2005. “Plenty of Room at the Bottom? Personal Digital Libraries and Collections.” D-Lib Magazine 11(6). http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/ beagrie/06beagrie.html. Buchanan, James M. 1965. “An Economic Theory of Clubs.” Economica, New Series, 32(125):1–14.", "sourceLineIndex": "22" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0265", "printed": "http://www.diglib.org/preserve/ejp.htm", "normalized": "http://www.diglib.org/preserve/ejp.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "179", "pdfPageEnd": "179", "printedPage": "164", "chapter": "6 - Preserving the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.diglib.org", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Cantara, Linda, ed. 2003. Archiving Electronic Journals: Research Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Washington, DC: Digital Library Federa- tion, Council on Library and Information Resources. http://www.diglib.org/ preserve/ejp.htm. 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Preserving the Knowledge Commons 167", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0285", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "212", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "197", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "1. For more detail on the definition of “open access,” and some of the discrep- ancies among the published definitions, see Peter Suber, “How Should We Define ‘Open Access'?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (August 2, 2004), http:// Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 197 [continues on next PDF page] www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define. For an introduc-", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0286", "printed": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "normalized": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define. For an introduc- tion designed for those new to the concept, see Peter Suber, Open Access Overview, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm.", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0287", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define. For an introduc- tion designed for those new to the concept, see Peter Suber, Open Access Overview, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm. 2. BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science, the two largest OA publishers, both use the Creative Commons Attribution license. See", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0288", "printed": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright", "normalized": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "BioMed Central", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "2. BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science, the two largest OA publishers, both use the Creative Commons Attribution license. See http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright and http://www.plos.org/ journals/license.html. I have used the same license for my newsletter on open access", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0289", "printed": "http://www.plos.org/journals/license.html", "normalized": "http://www.plos.org/journals/license.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Public Library of Science", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "2. BioMed Central and the Public Library of Science, the two largest OA publishers, both use the Creative Commons Attribution license. See http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/copyright and http://www.plos.org/ journals/license.html. I have used the same license for my newsletter on open access since", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0290", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/archive.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/archive.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "July 2003, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/ archive.htm. Author rights can be enforced through copyright law, licensing contracts, or informal norms in the scholarly community. Creative Commons licenses are most", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0291", "printed": "http://creativecommons.org/", "normalized": "http://creativecommons.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "informal norms in the scholarly community. Creative Commons licenses are most common licenses used for OA works, though they are not the only ones. See http://creativecommons.org/. Many OA authors believe that informal mecha- nisms are as effective as formal licenses and more convenient for authors. The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (June 2003) asserted that “com-", "sourceLineIndex": "17" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0292", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "munity standards, rather than copyright law, will continue to provide the mech- anism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.” See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 3. Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read .shtml.", "sourceLineIndex": "22" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0293", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "anism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now.” See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 3. Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read .shtml. 4. Open Archives Initiative, http://www.openarchives.org/. Raym Crow, A Guide to Institutional Repository Software, Open Society Institute, version 2.0,", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0294", "printed": "http://www.openarchives.org/", "normalized": "http://www.openarchives.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Open Archives Initiative", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "3. Budapest Open Access Initiative, http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read .shtml. 4. Open Archives Initiative, http://www.openarchives.org/. Raym Crow, A Guide to Institutional Repository Software, Open Society Institute, version 2.0, January 2004 (a guide to the open-source software for building and maintain-", "sourceLineIndex": "25" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0295", "printed": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software/", "normalized": "http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Open Society Institute / Budapest Open Access Initiative", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Guide to Institutional Repository Software, Open Society Institute, version 2.0, January 2004 (a guide to the open-source software for building and maintain- ing OAI-compliant archives). http://www.soros.org/openaccess/software/. 5. Despite the fact that peer review consists of donated time and clerical tasks, the costs are greater than most authors would guess. A recent review of the lit-", "sourceLineIndex": "28" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0296", "printed": "http://miranda.ingentaselect.com/vl=4928683/cl=179/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/catchword/alpsp/09531513/v15n4/s2/p247", "normalized": "http://miranda.ingentaselect.com/vl=4928683/cl=179/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/catchword/alpsp/09531513/v15n4/s2/p247", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "miranda.ingentaselect.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "“The Peer-Review Process,” Learned Publishing 15/4 (October 2002): 247– 258, http://miranda.ingentaselect.com/vl=4928683/cl=179/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/ linker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/catchword/alpsp/09531513/v15n4/s2/p247. The cost of peer review will drop steadily as more and more of the necessary clerical tasks are automated by journal-management software.", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0297", "printed": "http://www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcomplete.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcomplete.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "6. Cara Kaufman and Alma Wills determined that the figure is 47 percent. See their report, The Facts about Open Access, ALPSP (October 11, 2005), http://www.alpsp.org/publications/FAOAcomplete.pdf. 7. I am not saying that scholarly journals, like broadcast TV programs, can support themselves through advertising, merely that they can support themselves", "sourceLineIndex": "41" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0298", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cortex.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cortex.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "213", "pdfPageEnd": "213", "printedPage": "198", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "arship Movement Stand Today?”, Cortex 38/2 (April 2002): 261–264, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/cortex.htm. 198 Peter Suber", "sourceLineIndex": "49" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0299", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "have adopted this policy. In June 2003, they and other stakeholders issued the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, calling on others to follow suit. See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 9. See http://www.philosophersimprint.org/. 10. See below for some reasons to think that some book authors could be per-", "sourceLineIndex": "5" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0300", "printed": "http://www.philosophersimprint.org/", "normalized": "http://www.philosophersimprint.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.philosophersimprint.org", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, calling on others to follow suit. See http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm. 9. See http://www.philosophersimprint.org/. 10. See below for some reasons to think that some book authors could be per- suaded, including evidence that free online full text might stimulate a net increase", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0301", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "access, see Jean-Claude Guédon, “In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists, Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing,” ARL Proceedings (May 2001), http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html. 12. But see my “Open Access When Authors Are Paid,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (December 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0302", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/12-02-03.htm#payingauthors", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/12-02-03.htm#payingauthors", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Proceedings (May 2001), http://www.arl.org/arl/proceedings/138/guedon.html. 12. But see my “Open Access When Authors Are Paid,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (December 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/12-02-03.htm#payingauthors. 13. I discuss the connection between author donation and academic freedom in “The End for Free Online Content?”, Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (June", "sourceLineIndex": "15" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0303", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-08-01.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-08-01.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "13. I discuss the connection between author donation and academic freedom in “The End for Free Online Content?”, Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (June 8, 2001), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-08-01.htm. 14. Strong copyright protections may be part of the incentive for authors of royalty-producing genres, but not for authors of scholarly journal articles. One", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0304", "printed": "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15022002-015414-4119r", "normalized": "http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15022002-015414-4119r", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.upi.com", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "publishers, not authors. See Sam Vaknin, “Copyright and Scholarship: Interview with Peter Suber, Part I,” United Press International (February 19, 2002), http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15022002-015414-4119r. 15. A common misunderstanding among nonacademics, and even some aca- demic publishers, is that OA appeals primarily to scholarly readers, not schol-", "sourceLineIndex": "29" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0305", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "reasons more useful than conventional publication allowed. 16. The oldest peer-reviewed, OA journals were launched in the late 1980s. See my Timeline of the Open Access Movement, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/ fos/timeline.htm. However, the most prestigious OA journals are much more recent. One reason prestige does not correlate with age here is that the OA move- ment had to incubate for a while before it was possible to recruit eminent sci-", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0306", "printed": "http://www.title17.com/contentStatute/chpt01/sec105.html", "normalized": "http://www.title17.com/contentStatute/chpt01/sec105.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "214", "pdfPageEnd": "214", "printedPage": "199", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.title17.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "ment had to incubate for a while before it was possible to recruit eminent sci- entists and scholars to OA journal editorial boards. 17. In the United States, this is mandated by 17 USC 105, http:// www.title17.com/contentStatute/chpt01/sec105.html. Peter Veeck encountered a Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 199", "sourceLineIndex": "42" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0307", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "of the text. See my “When Public Laws Are in the Public Domain and When They Are Not,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (June 25, 2001), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm. Also see Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress, 5th Cir., No. 99-40632, en banc decision, June 7, 2002, http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html.", "sourceLineIndex": "5" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0308", "printed": "http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html", "normalized": "http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "laws.findlaw.com", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-25-01.htm. Also see Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress, 5th Cir., No. 99-40632, en banc decision, June 7, 2002, http://laws.findlaw.com/5th/9940632cv2.html. 18. On December 6, 2001, the French Académie des Sciences released a public statement calling on the European Commission not to apply copyright rules for", "sourceLineIndex": "7" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0309", "printed": "http://www.revues.org/calenda/nouvelle1580.html", "normalized": "http://www.revues.org/calenda/nouvelle1580.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.revues.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "royalty-producing content to scientific publications for which the authors seek no payment. See “Pétition sur la Directive européenne” (December 6, 2001), http://www.revues.org/calenda/nouvelle1580.html. 19. For example, see Francis Muguet's “Activity Report” (October 24, 2003) on negotiations to produce a meaningful endorsement of OA at the World Summit", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0310", "printed": "http://www.wsis-si.org/si-prepcom3-report.html", "normalized": "http://www.wsis-si.org/si-prepcom3-report.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.wsis-si.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "for the Information Society. The negotiations were thwarted again and again by the common misunderstanding that all literature is royalty-producing literature. See http://www.wsis-si.org/si-prepcom3-report.html. 20. I discuss the distinction between royalty-free and royalty-producing content, and the three phases of the OA movement, in “Not Napster for Science,” SPARC", "sourceLineIndex": "17" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0311", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-02-03.htm#notnapster", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-02-03.htm#notnapster", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "20. I discuss the distinction between royalty-free and royalty-producing content, and the three phases of the OA movement, in “Not Napster for Science,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (October 2, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/10-02-03.htm#notnapster. 21. See below. 22. When the author and copyright holder differ, then it is the copyright holder's", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0312", "printed": "http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php", "normalized": "http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.sherpa.ac.uk", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "authors to deposit the postprint in an OA archive. See the database of publisher policies on copyright and OA archiving maintained by Project SHERPA, http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php. 23. Martin O. Sabo, Public Access to Science Act (HR 2613), submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on June 26, 2003. See http://thomas.loc.gov/", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0313", "printed": "http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613", "normalized": "http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "thomas.loc.gov", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php. 23. Martin O. Sabo, Public Access to Science Act (HR 2613), submitted to the U.S. House of Representatives on June 26, 2003. See http://thomas.loc.gov/ cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613: (the final colon is part of the URL). Also see my “Martin Sabo's Public Access to Science Act,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (July 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0314", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm#sabo", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm#sabo", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "215", "pdfPageEnd": "215", "printedPage": "200", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2613: (the final colon is part of the URL). Also see my “Martin Sabo's Public Access to Science Act,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (July 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/07-04-03.htm #sabo. 200 Peter Suber", "sourceLineIndex": "41" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0315", "printed": "http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/computing/20031016-1421-openaccessscience.html", "normalized": "http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/computing/20031016-1421-openaccessscience.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "216", "pdfPageEnd": "216", "printedPage": "201", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.signonsandiego.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "single article. The PLoS servers could not handle the traffic and crashed. See Paul Elias, “Free Online Journal Seeks Revolution in Science Publishing,” Associated Press (October 16, 2003), http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/computing/ 20031016-1421-openaccessscience.html. Is this a negligible exception? Or should web traffic and server load count as diminution of a common, Internet resource? If so, then the Internet cannot support true nonrivalrous commons,", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0316", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#consentqueries", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#consentqueries", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "216", "pdfPageEnd": "216", "printedPage": "201", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "ally every time they want to go beyond fair use. See the Budapest Open Access Initiative FAQ, “Must Users Ask the Author (or Copyright Holder) for Consent Every Time They Wish to Make or Distribute a Copy?”, http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#consentqueries. 27. Because OA depends on the digital character and worldwide reach of the Internet, it was physically impossible in the age of print. But how close could we", "sourceLineIndex": "26" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0317", "printed": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/charter", "normalized": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/charter", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "BioMed Central", "contextClassification": "educational / reference resource", "nearbyText": "and labour? It would then become available to other scholars, even if it could not be published. 28. Also see BMC's Open Access Charter, http://www.biomedcentral.com/ info/about/charter. I outline several other steps taken by BMC in Lila Guterman and Peter Suber, “Colloquy on Open Access Publishing,” Chronicle of Higher Education", "sourceLineIndex": "5" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0318", "printed": "http://chronicle.com/colloquylive/2004/01/openaccess/", "normalized": "http://chronicle.com/colloquylive/2004/01/openaccess/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Chronicle of Higher Education", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "and Peter Suber, “Colloquy on Open Access Publishing,” Chronicle of Higher Education (January 29, 2004), http://chronicle.com/colloquylive/2004/01/ openaccess/. 29. Peter Suber, “How Should We Define ‘Open Access'?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (August 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0319", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-04-03.htm#define", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "openaccess/. 29. Peter Suber, “How Should We Define ‘Open Access'?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (August 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/ 08-04-03.htm#define. 30. Randall Ward, David Michaelis, Robert Murdoch, Brian Roberts, and Julia Blixrud, “Widespread Academic Efforts Address the Scholarly Communication", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0320", "printed": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2003/june4/widespreadcademic.htm", "normalized": "http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2003/june4/widespreadcademic.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "American Library Association", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "(June 2003), http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/ backissues2003/june4/widespreadcademic.htm. 31. I first pointed this out in “Predictions for 2004,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0321", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-02-04.htm#predictions", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-02-04.htm#predictions", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "31. I first pointed this out in “Predictions for 2004,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (February 2, 2004) (prediction #3), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/fos/newsletter/02-02-04.htm#predictions. Shortly afterward (March 2, 2004), Yahoo announced a program to index OA content in a more useful form than is publicly available to its rivals only in a less useful form. See the Yahoo", "sourceLineIndex": "25" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0322", "printed": "http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html", "normalized": "http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "biz.yahoo.com", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "2004), Yahoo announced a program to index OA content in a more useful form than is publicly available to its rivals only in a less useful form. See the Yahoo press release, http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html. In December 2004, Google announced its plan to digitize and index the full texts of millions of books from five major research libraries. See http://www.google.com/press/", "sourceLineIndex": "29" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0323", "printed": "http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.html", "normalized": "http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/print_library.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.google.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "press release, http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/040302/25391_1.html. In December 2004, Google announced its plan to digitize and index the full texts of millions of books from five major research libraries. See http://www.google.com/press/ pressrel/print_library.html. 32. I talk about these and related obstacles, including other vicious circles, in “Why FOS Progress Has Been Slow,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (May", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0324", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "32. I talk about these and related obstacles, including other vicious circles, in “Why FOS Progress Has Been Slow,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (May 15, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm, and “Dissemination Fees, Access Fees, and the Double Payment Problem,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (January 1, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0325", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "15, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-15-02.htm, and “Dissemination Fees, Access Fees, and the Double Payment Problem,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter (January 1, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm. 33. See my catalog, University Actions against High Journal Prices, http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions.", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0326", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "217", "pdfPageEnd": "217", "printedPage": "202", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Online Scholarship Newsletter (January 1, 2002), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/fos/newsletter/01-01-02.htm. 33. See my catalog, University Actions against High Journal Prices, http:// www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/lists.htm#actions. 34. Occasionally one hears the objection that elite research universities, which produce more research articles per capita than lesser institutions, will bear the", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0327", "printed": "http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/lawrence.html", "normalized": "http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/lawrence.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Nature", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "35. Steve Lawrence, “Free Online Availability Substantially Increases a Paper's Impact,” Nature (May 31, 2001), http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/ e-access/Articles/lawrence.html. 36. The Electronic Society for Social Science uses the phrase “instant reputa- tion” for success in this endeavor. See Manfredi La Manna, “The Story of ELSSS:", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0328", "printed": "http://www.elsss.org.uk/documents/CURL_11_03_02.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.elsss.org.uk/documents/CURL_11_03_02.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.elsss.org.uk", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "tion” for success in this endeavor. See Manfredi La Manna, “The Story of ELSSS: A New Model of Partnership between Academics and Librarians” (May 11, 2002), http://www.elsss.org.uk/documents/CURL_11_03_02.pdf. For example, the Public Library of Science acquired instant reputation or instant prestige when it recruited Vivian Siegel to be its new editor-in-chief. Siegel was formerly the", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0329", "printed": "http://www3.oup.co.uk/nar/special/14/default.html", "normalized": "http://www3.oup.co.uk/nar/special/14/default.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www3.oup.co.uk", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "an ISI rating as one of the “hottest” journals of the decade in biology and bio- chemistry. After a period of OA experimentation, NAR decided in June 2004 to make a full conversion to OA, effective January 2005. See http://www3 .oup.co.uk/nar/special/14/default.html. 38. See John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Indianapolis: Hackett [1859] 1982), 88: Without doubt, abstinence on one day in the week, so far as the exigencies of", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0330", "printed": "http://laws.findlaw.com/us/301/548.html", "normalized": "http://laws.findlaw.com/us/301/548.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "laws.findlaw.com", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "that the law should guarantee to each, the observance by others of the custom, by suspending the greater operations of industry on a particular day. 39. Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 588 (1937). See http:// laws.findlaw.com/us/301/548.html. 40. The Wellcome Trust adopted such a policy on October 1, 2005. The WT is the largest private funder of medical research in the UK, giving £400 million per", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0331", "printed": "http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html", "normalized": "http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.wellcome.ac.uk", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "40. The Wellcome Trust adopted such a policy on October 1, 2005. The WT is the largest private funder of medical research in the UK, giving £400 million per year in research grants. See http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD002766.html. I proposed a policy along these lines in my Model Open-Access Policy for Foun- dation Research Grants", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0332", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/foundations.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/foundations.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "I proposed a policy along these lines in my Model Open-Access Policy for Foun- dation Research Grants (July 8, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/ fos/foundations.htm. 41. In July 2004, the U.S. House Appropriations Committee asked the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to require free online access to articles arising from", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0333", "printed": "http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm", "normalized": "http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.nih.gov", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "NIH-funded research. By the time the NIH actually adopted a policy, however, it had been weakened to a mere request. The NIH public-access policy took effect on May 2, 2005; see http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm. For some of the procedural history, see my FAQ on the NIH policy, http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm. Also in July 2004, the UK House of", "sourceLineIndex": "43" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0334", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "218", "pdfPageEnd": "218", "printedPage": "203", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "had been weakened to a mere request. The NIH public-access policy took effect on May 2, 2005; see http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm. For some of the procedural history, see my FAQ on the NIH policy, http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/nihfaq.htm. Also in July 2004, the UK House of Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 203", "sourceLineIndex": "44" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0335", "printed": "http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/399/39902.htm", "normalized": "http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/399/39902.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.publications.parliament.uk", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "UK (RCUK), which actually disburse publicly funded research grants. For the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommendations, see http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/ 399/39902.htm. For the RCUK open-access policy, see http://www.rcuk.ac .uk/access/index.asp. I discuss the arguments for public access to publicly funded research in “The Taxpayer Argument for Open Access,” SPARC Open", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0336", "printed": "http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/access/index.asp", "normalized": "http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/access/index.asp", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.rcuk.ac.uk", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "House of Commons Science and Technology Committee recommendations, see http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/ 399/39902.htm. For the RCUK open-access policy, see http://www.rcuk.ac .uk/access/index.asp. I discuss the arguments for public access to publicly funded research in “The Taxpayer Argument for Open Access,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (September 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/", "sourceLineIndex": "7" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0337", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-04-03.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-04-03.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": ".uk/access/index.asp. I discuss the arguments for public access to publicly funded research in “The Taxpayer Argument for Open Access,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (September 4, 2003), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/09-04-03.htm. 42. At the time of this writing, five universities mandate open access to their research output. For these and related university policies, see the Institutional", "sourceLineIndex": "10" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0338", "printed": "http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/", "normalized": "http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "42. At the time of this writing, five universities mandate open access to their research output. For these and related university policies, see the Institutional Self-Archiving Policy Registry, http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/. All universities that require OA do so through institutional repositories rather than OA journals. This preserves the freedom of faculty to publish in the jour-", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0339", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/do.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/do.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "nals of their choice. I support versions of all three of these external forces or nudges—by private foundations, public funding agencies, and universities. See What You Can Do to Promote Open Access, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/ fos/do.htm. 43. See Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, “Authors and Open Access Publish- ing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004); Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0340", "printed": "http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/", "normalized": "http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "43. See Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, “Authors and Open Access Publish- ing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004); Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study (May 2005). For details, see http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/ and http://cogprints.org/4385/. 44. I do not want to give the impression that all digital and nonrivalrous", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0341", "printed": "http://cogprints.org/4385/", "normalized": "http://cogprints.org/4385/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "CogPrints", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "ing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004); Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study (May 2005). For details, see http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/ and http://cogprints.org/4385/. 44. I do not want to give the impression that all digital and nonrivalrous commons inherently resist tragedies of depletion. For example, I believe that", "sourceLineIndex": "24" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0342", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#manycopy", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#manycopy", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "deplete the usefulness of the medium. 45. See my “The Many-Copy Problem and the Many-Copy Solution,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/01-02-04.htm#manycopy. 46. Or, to be more precise: since OA to copyrighted content must be consen- sual, revoking consent to OA is fully effective in negating the status of OA. But", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0343", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/204", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/204", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "219", "pdfPageEnd": "219", "printedPage": "204", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "it could be completely ineffective at introducing access barriers to that content. 47. Versions of this material have appeared earlier as “It's the Authors, Stupid!”, in SPARC Open Access Newsletter (June 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/ 204 Peter Suber", "sourceLineIndex": "44" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0344", "printed": "http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/24.html", "normalized": "http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/24.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Nature", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#authors, and as “The Primacy of Authors in Achieving Open Access,” in Nature (June 10, 2004), http://www.nature.com/ nature/focus/accessdebate/24.html. 48. When “presented with a list of reasons why they have not chosen to publish in an OA journal and asked to say which were important . . . the reason that", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0345", "printed": "http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/", "normalized": "http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11003/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "University of Southampton / Stevan Harnad", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "scored highest (70%) was that authors were not familiar enough with OA jour- nals in their field” (Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, “Authors and Open Access Publishing,” Learned Publishing (July 2004): 220, http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ 11003/). “Of the authors who have not yet self-archived any articles, 71% remain unaware of the option” (Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study (May 2005), http://cogprints.org/4385/.", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0346", "printed": "http://cogprints.org/4385/", "normalized": "http://cogprints.org/4385/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "CogPrints", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "11003/). “Of the authors who have not yet self-archived any articles, 71% remain unaware of the option” (Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study (May 2005), http://cogprints.org/4385/. 49. Ian Rowlands, Dave Nichols, and Paul Huntingdon, Scholarly Communi- cation in the Digital Environment: What Do Authors Want?, CIBER (March 18,", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0347", "printed": "http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf", "normalized": "http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "ciber.soi.city.ac.uk", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "49. Ian Rowlands, Dave Nichols, and Paul Huntingdon, Scholarly Communi- cation in the Digital Environment: What Do Authors Want?, CIBER (March 18, 2004), http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf. 50. Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, JISC/OSI Journal Authors Survey Report (London: Key Perspectives Ltd., February 2004), http://www.jisc.ac.uk/", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0348", "printed": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.jisc.ac.uk", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "2004), http://ciber.soi.city.ac.uk/ciber-pa-report.pdf. 50. Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown, JISC/OSI Journal Authors Survey Report (London: Key Perspectives Ltd., February 2004), http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ uploaded_documents/JISCOAreport1.pdf. 51. I have heard this estimate from several sources but so far without docu- mentation. I do not vouch for the numbers. But the true numbers will very likely", "sourceLineIndex": "16" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0349", "printed": "http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Thomson ISI", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "chief difference between these and some other journals covered by ISI is that the entire content of the OA journals is available without cost to the user” (http://www.isinet.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf). 53. A common way to avoid copyright problems is to require deposit of the final version of the author's manuscript, incorporating all changes from the peer-", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0350", "printed": "http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php", "normalized": "http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "EPrints / Open Citation Project", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "surveyed journals permit authors to deposit the published version of their article in an OA repository. See the e-prints “Journal Policies—Summary Statistics So Far,” http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php. In addition, 100 percent of affected journals are cooperating with the NIH policy that asks NIH grantees to deposit the final version of the author's manuscript in PubMed Central, an OA archive.", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0351", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-05.htm#nih", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-05.htm#nih", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "220", "pdfPageEnd": "220", "printedPage": "205", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "See my “Publisher Policies on NIH-Funded Authors,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (June 2, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/ 06-02-05.htm#nih. 54. For more on funding agency OA mandates, see notes 40 and 41, above. Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "sourceLineIndex": "43" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0352", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "“Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librar- ians,” College & Research Libraries News, 64 (February 2003): 92–94, 113, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm. 59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0353", "printed": "http://www.bioline.org.br/", "normalized": "http://www.bioline.org.br/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.bioline.org.br", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "ians,” College & Research Libraries News, 64 (February 2003): 92–94, 113, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm. 59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/;", "sourceLineIndex": "9" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0354", "printed": "http://www.epublishingtrust.org/", "normalized": "http://www.epublishingtrust.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.epublishingtrust.org", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/acrl.htm. 59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter", "sourceLineIndex": "10" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0355", "printed": "http://www.inasp.info/", "normalized": "http://www.inasp.info/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.inasp.info", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "59. See for example Bioline, http://www.bioline.org.br/; the Electronic Publish- ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0356", "printed": "SciDev.Net", "normalized": "SciDev.Net", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "scidev.net", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0357", "printed": "http://www.scidev.net/", "normalized": "http://www.scidev.net/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.scidev.net", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0358", "printed": "http://www.scielo.br/", "normalized": "http://www.scielo.br/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.scielo.br", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "ing Trust for Development, http://www.epublishingtrust.org/; the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications, http://www.inasp.info/; SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0359", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/wsis2.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/wsis2.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "SciDev.Net, http://www.scidev.net/; SciELO, http://www.scielo.br/. Also see Peter Suber and Subbiah Arunachalam, “Open Access to Science in the Developing World,” World-Information City (October 17, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/ ~peters/writing/wsis2.htm. For public statements calling for open access in developing countries, see the Declaration of San José (March 27, 1998), the Declaration on Science and the", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0360", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Library-Related Principles for the International Development Agenda of WIPO (January 26, 2005), and the Salvador Declaration (September 23, 2005), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. 60. Many journal publishers donate electronic subscriptions to Third-World research institutions. See Ann Okerson's list of such programs, http://", "sourceLineIndex": "24" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0361", "printed": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/develop.shtml", "normalized": "http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/develop.shtml", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Liblicense / Yale University Library", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm. 60. Many journal publishers donate electronic subscriptions to Third-World research institutions. See Ann Okerson's list of such programs, http:// www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/develop.shtml. But this creates another reason why north and south friends of OA use different arguments in their analysis and advocacy. A major issue for developing countries is whether these donated sub-", "sourceLineIndex": "26" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0362", "printed": "http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/facmemoscholcomm_010704.pdf", "normalized": "http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/facmemoscholcomm_010704.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "221", "pdfPageEnd": "221", "printedPage": "206", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "mic Senate and all the library directors of the UC campuses said in a public letter, “The economics of scholarly journal publishing are incontrovertibly unsustain- able.” See http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/facmemoscholcomm _010704.pdf. The letter was referring to conventional, subscription-based journals, not OA journals. It is now in the self-interest of commercial publishers to experiment with OA because they cannot continue business as usual. (2)", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0363", "printed": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/0202/0202005.pdf", "normalized": "http://econwpa.wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/0202/0202005.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "EconWPA", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "62. I heard this often myself. Bob Parks heard it often too and describes his observations in “The Faustian Grip of Academic Publishing,” a preprint posted to WoPEc (Working Papers in Economics) (July 2001), http://econwpa .wustl.edu:8089/eps/mic/papers/0202/0202005.pdf. Parks: “The point is that readers do not necessarily want [free online journals], especially if they can have [priced journals] without giving up their office or phone or secretarial services.", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0364", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-06-02.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-06-02.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "63. I discuss this distinction in more detail in “Elsevier CEO on the Public Library of Science,” Free Online Scholarship Newsletter, February 6, 2002, http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/02-06-02.htm. 64. When Derk Haank was CEO of Reed Elsevier, he made this argument in an interview in Information Today. See Dick Kaser, “Ghost in a Bottle,” Informa-", "sourceLineIndex": "22" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0365", "printed": "http://www.infotoday.com/it/feb02/kaser.htm", "normalized": "http://www.infotoday.com/it/feb02/kaser.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Information Today", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "64. When Derk Haank was CEO of Reed Elsevier, he made this argument in an interview in Information Today. See Dick Kaser, “Ghost in a Bottle,” Informa- tion Today (February 2002), http://www.infotoday.com/it/feb02/kaser.htm. It has been a favorite Elsevier argument ever since. 65. I discuss some measurements showing the journal gaps at leading U.S.", "sourceLineIndex": "25" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0366", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "research libraries in “What's the Ullage of Your Library?”, SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/ newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage. 66. See for example my account of the progress of OA last year, “Open Access in 2003,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0367", "printed": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm", "normalized": "http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Peter Suber / Earlham College", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "newsletter/01-02-04.htm#ullage. 66. See for example my account of the progress of OA last year, “Open Access in 2003,” SPARC Open Access Newsletter (January 2, 2004), http://www .earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm. 67. See Michael Jenson, “Academic Press Gives Away Its Secrets,” Chronicle of Higher Education (September 14, 2001), http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0368", "printed": "http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v48/i03/03b02401.htm", "normalized": "http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v48/i03/03b02401.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "Chronicle of Higher Education", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": ".earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-02-04.htm. 67. See Michael Jenson, “Academic Press Gives Away Its Secrets,” Chronicle of Higher Education (September 14, 2001), http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/ v48/i03/03b02401.htm. Jensen is the director of Publishing Technologies at the NAP. Also see the National Academies Press website, http://www.nap.edu/, and browse the free full-text books.", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0369", "printed": "http://www.nap.edu/", "normalized": "http://www.nap.edu/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "National Academies Press", "contextClassification": "educational / reference resource", "nearbyText": "Higher Education (September 14, 2001), http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/ v48/i03/03b02401.htm. Jensen is the director of Publishing Technologies at the NAP. Also see the National Academies Press website, http://www.nap.edu/, and browse the free full-text books. 68. Jeffrey Tucker, “Why We Put Books Online” (March 12, 2004), posting", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0370", "printed": "http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp", "normalized": "http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.mises.org", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "browse the free full-text books. 68. Jeffrey Tucker, “Why We Put Books Online” (March 12, 2004), posting to the Ludwig von Mises Institute blog, http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/ why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp; later turned into an article, “Books, Online and Off,” Ludwig von Mises Institute (March 22, 2004), http://www .mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473.", "sourceLineIndex": "41" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0371", "printed": "http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473", "normalized": "http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "222", "pdfPageEnd": "222", "printedPage": "207", "chapter": "7 - Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access", "nearbyProject": "www.mises.org", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "to the Ludwig von Mises Institute blog, http://www.mises.org/blog/archives/ why_we_put_books_online_001698.asp; later turned into an article, “Books, Online and Off,” Ludwig von Mises Institute (March 22, 2004), http://www .mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1473. Creating an Intellectual Commons through Open Access 207", "sourceLineIndex": "43" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0372", "printed": "http://www.baen.com/library/", "normalized": "http://www.baen.com/library/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "223", "pdfPageEnd": "223", "printedPage": "208", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "www.baen.com", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "69. Baen Free Library, http://www.baen.com/library/. Also see Eric Flint's expla- nation of Baen's business model and success, “Prime Palaver #6” (April 15, 2002), http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm.", "sourceLineIndex": "1" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0373", "printed": "http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm", "normalized": "http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "223", "pdfPageEnd": "223", "printedPage": "208", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "www.baen.com", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "69. Baen Free Library, http://www.baen.com/library/. Also see Eric Flint's expla- nation of Baen's business model and success, “Prime Palaver #6” (April 15, 2002), http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm. 70. See the Search Inside the Book home page, http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0374", "printed": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260", "normalized": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "223", "pdfPageEnd": "223", "printedPage": "208", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "www.amazon.com", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "nation of Baen's business model and success, “Prime Palaver #6” (April 15, 2002), http://www.baen.com/library/palaver6.htm. 70. See the Search Inside the Book home page, http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press release, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText &t=Regular&id=462057& (October 23, 2003), and FAQ, http://www", "sourceLineIndex": "4" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0375", "printed": "http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText&t=Regular&id=462057&", "normalized": "http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText&t=Regular&id=462057&", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "223", "pdfPageEnd": "223", "printedPage": "208", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "phx.corporate-ir.net", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "70. See the Search Inside the Book home page, http://www.amazon.com/exec/ obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press release, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText &t=Regular&id=462057& (October 23, 2003), and FAQ, http://www .amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631. 208", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0376", "printed": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631", "normalized": "http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "223", "pdfPageEnd": "223", "printedPage": "208", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "www.amazon.com", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "obidos/tg/browse/-/10197021/002-8790426-8727260. Also see Amazon press release, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=IROL-NewsText &t=Regular&id=462057& (October 23, 2003), and FAQ, http://www .amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/10197041/002-2808347-4161631. 208 Peter Suber", "sourceLineIndex": "7" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0377", "printed": "sandiegodialogue.org", "normalized": "sandiegodialogue.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "277", "pdfPageEnd": "277", "printedPage": "262", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "sandiegodialogue.org", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "very useful to create interdisciplinary publications or websites devoted to metropolitan areas. An example is San Diego Dialogue (www .sandiegodialogue.org), which the University of California at San Diego supports by providing sophisticated research studies. Such work can be peer-reviewed and highly selective. Nevertheless, I think almost all aca-", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0378", "printed": "www.earthforce.org/resources.cfm", "normalized": "www.earthforce.org/resources.cfm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "284", "pdfPageEnd": "284", "printedPage": "269", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.earthforce.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "tionnaires, and focus groups (but no comparison groups or testlike assessments). See “2001–2002 Earth Force Evaluation: Program Implementation and Impacts,” www.earthforce.org/resources.cfm. There were many positive changes in self-reported skills, knowledge, and attitudes over the course of the program, and teachers were favorable. However, the participants became less likely over", "sourceLineIndex": "26" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0379", "printed": "www.democracycollaborative.org/publications/reports/", "normalized": "www.democracycollaborative.org/publications/reports/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "284", "pdfPageEnd": "284", "printedPage": "269", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.democracycollaborative.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "(April 2002), www.democracycollaborative.org/ publications/reports/; Harry Boyte and Paul Resnick, with Peter Levine, Robert Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons 269", "sourceLineIndex": "46" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0380", "printed": "www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/civicextension/", "normalized": "www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/civicextension/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "285", "pdfPageEnd": "285", "printedPage": "270", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.si.umich.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Wachbroit, and Lew Friedland, “White Paper: Civic Extension for the Informa- tion Age” (draft of July 23, 2001), www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/ civicextension/. 8. Ostrom and Hess, chapter 3, this volume. 9. Suber, chapter 7, this volume.", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0381", "printed": "http://216.36.193.92/ec/n3.html", "normalized": "http://216.36.193.92/ec/n3.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "285", "pdfPageEnd": "285", "printedPage": "270", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "216.36.193.92", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": ", where n is the number of users) and Reed's Law (the value is even higher, because of the potential number of n-person groups, each of which can potentially communicate with other groups within the network), see http:// 216.36.193.92/ec/n3.html. 14. Peter Levine, “A Movement for the Commons?”, Responsive Community 13/4 (fall 2003): 28–39; “Building the E-Commons,” Good Society 11/3 (2003):", "sourceLineIndex": "15" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0382", "printed": "TomPaine.com", "normalized": "TomPaine.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "285", "pdfPageEnd": "285", "printedPage": "270", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "tompaine.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "tion, 2001), 58. 20. Jeffrey Chester, “The Death of the Internet: How Industry Intends to Kill The ‘Net as We Know It,” TomPaine.com (October 24, 2002). 21. Elinor Ostrom, “Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14/3 (summer 2000): 150.", "sourceLineIndex": "32" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0383", "printed": "http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/family/school/32ReligiousServices.htm", "normalized": "http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/family/school/32ReligiousServices.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "286", "pdfPageEnd": "286", "printedPage": "271", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.childtrendsdatabank.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "attention to public affairs in 1966; just 5.1 percent said so in 2000 (American National Election Study, author's tabulation). 30. Monitoring the Future data analyzed by Child Trends (http://www .childtrendsdatabank.org/family/school/32ReligiousServices.htm). 31. M. Kent Jennings and Lara Stocker, “Generations and Civic Engagement: A Longitudinal Multiple-Generational Analysis” (unpublished paper, 2001).", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0384", "printed": "www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerexeter.pdf", "normalized": "www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerexeter.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "286", "pdfPageEnd": "286", "printedPage": "271", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.bsos.umd.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "545–565. 34. Eric M. Uslaner, “Trust as a Moral Value” (forthcoming in Dario Cas- tiglione, ed., Social Capital), www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerexeter.pdf. 35. Ostrom, “The Need for Civic Education,” 1–2. 36. The claim that association life has declined is complicated by the fact that", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0385", "printed": "epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n4.html", "normalized": "epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n4.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "287", "pdfPageEnd": "287", "printedPage": "272", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "epaa.asu.edu", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "of the Track(ing),” revised version of Warschauer, “Technology and School Reform: A View from Both Sides of the Track,” Education Policy Analysis Archives 8/4 (2000), epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n4.html. 45. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Mathematics Assess- ment, 1996, analyzed by Harold Wenglinsky, Does It Compute? The Relation-", "sourceLineIndex": "25" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0386", "printed": "www.compact.org/civic/Wingspread/Wingspread.html", "normalized": "www.compact.org/civic/Wingspread/Wingspread.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "287", "pdfPageEnd": "287", "printedPage": "272", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.compact.org", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "46. For the mission, see Harry Boyte and Elizabeth Hollander, “Wingspread Declaration on the Civic Responsibilites of Research Universities” (Providence, RI: Campus Compact, 1999; www.compact.org/civic/Wingspread/Wingspread .html) and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and CIRCLE, “Higher Education: Civic Mission and Civic Effects” (College Park, MD, 2006; http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm). For the criticism of", "sourceLineIndex": "36" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0387", "printed": "http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm", "normalized": "http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "287", "pdfPageEnd": "287", "printedPage": "272", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.civicyouth.org", "contextClassification": "educational / reference resource", "nearbyText": ".html) and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and CIRCLE, “Higher Education: Civic Mission and Civic Effects” (College Park, MD, 2006; http://www.civicyouth.org/research/areas/higher_ed.htm). For the criticism of current practice, see, e.g., Eyal Press and Jennifer Washburn,” The Kept Uni- versity,” Atlantic Monthly 285/3 (March 2000): 39–54.", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0388", "printed": "Republic.com", "normalized": "Republic.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "288", "pdfPageEnd": "288", "printedPage": "273", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "republic.com", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "offspring to live there as well) and, thus, do not heavily discount the future” (“Type of Goods and Collective Action,” 27). 53. In Republic.com (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), Cass Sun- stein claims that the Internet allows people to choose news and opinion that already interest them, while filtering out views and facts that they find uncon-", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0389", "printed": "web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf", "normalized": "web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "289", "pdfPageEnd": "289", "printedPage": "274", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "web.mit.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "I still think the best theoretical account of “cyberbalkanization” is Marshall van Alstyne and Erik Brynjolfsson, “Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans? (1997; see web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans .pdf). They predict that the Internet will help people who are so inclined to increase the range and diversity of their information and contacts. They also predict that the Internet will allow people to “filter” out unwelcome ideas or", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0390", "printed": "www.pewinternet.org", "normalized": "www.pewinternet.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "289", "pdfPageEnd": "289", "printedPage": "274", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "Pew Internet & American Life Project", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "demic Press, 1998), 43–57. 55. Pew Internet and American Life Project, Online Communities Survey (2001), available from www.pewinternet.org. 56. Boyte is a former field secretary in the civil rights movement, a University of Minnesota professor, and codirector of the University's Center for Democracy", "sourceLineIndex": "25" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0391", "printed": "www.civicyouth.org", "normalized": "www.civicyouth.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "290", "pdfPageEnd": "290", "printedPage": "275", "chapter": "9 - Collective Action, Civic Engagement, and the Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.civicyouth.org", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "61. Molly Andolina, Scott Keeter, Cliff Zukin, and Krista Jenkins, Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait, available from CIRCLE at www.civicyouth.org. 62. Dean Mohs, Celebrating and Encouraging Community Involvement of Older Minnesotans: A Snapshot of Current Minnesota Baby Boomers and Older", "sourceLineIndex": "3" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0392", "printed": "Sourceforge.net", "normalized": "Sourceforge.net", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "293", "pdfPageEnd": "293", "printedPage": "278", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "sourceforge.net", "contextClassification": "software / technical infrastructure", "nearbyText": "a form of intellectual property. The innovation I am referring to is the emergence over the last twenty years of FOSS as a form of “software commons.” One popular FOSS website, Sourceforge.net, hosts over 200,000 such projects (Sourceforge.net 2006). While there are or will be many failures in this collaborative domain, there are some major success", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0393", "printed": "Sourceforge.net", "normalized": "Sourceforge.net", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "293", "pdfPageEnd": "293", "printedPage": "278", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "sourceforge.net", "contextClassification": "software / technical infrastructure", "nearbyText": "emergence over the last twenty years of FOSS as a form of “software commons.” One popular FOSS website, Sourceforge.net, hosts over 200,000 such projects (Sourceforge.net 2006). While there are or will be many failures in this collaborative domain, there are some major success stories (measured in terms of growth in software use or “market share”),", "sourceLineIndex": "34" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0394", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "296", "pdfPageEnd": "296", "printedPage": "281", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassification": "software / technical infrastructure", "nearbyText": "modify the software in any way they might desire. The emphasis here is on free as in freedom rather than free in the monetized sense (http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html). This philosophy led Stallman to consider how he could ensure that these freedoms could be intertwined, in a sense, with the software. His major advance was to", "sourceLineIndex": "27" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0395", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "297", "pdfPageEnd": "297", "printedPage": "282", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "the licensing principles of its “parent” software. Stallman implemented these Copyleft principles by creating the “GNU General Public License” (GPL; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html), and to promote these freedom ideals, Stallman created the “Free Software Foundation” or FSF (http://www.gnu.org/).", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0396", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "297", "pdfPageEnd": "297", "printedPage": "282", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "(GPL; http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html), and to promote these freedom ideals, Stallman created the “Free Software Foundation” or FSF (http://www.gnu.org/). Over time a social movement around these principles of software freedom emerged, and other programmers joined in. The ideas were", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0397", "printed": "http://www.opensource.org", "normalized": "http://www.opensource.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "297", "pdfPageEnd": "297", "printedPage": "282", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.opensource.org", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "The open-source software movement was led in part by software developers Bruce Perens and Eric Raymond, who created the Open Source Initiative (OSI, http://www.opensource.org) and worked to develop an “Open Source Definition” (OSD)—a set of rules that can be 282", "sourceLineIndex": "38" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0398", "printed": "http://http://www.opensource.org/licenses/", "normalized": "http://www.opensource.org/licenses/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "298", "pdfPageEnd": "298", "printedPage": "283", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.opensource.org", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "extending the FOSS idea to scientific commons later.) Stallman's GPL can be considered the “parent” of over fifty Open Software Initiative–approved licenses (Perens 1999; http://http://www .opensource.org/licenses/), which all satisfy the general conditions of open-source software but have variations in the rights provided to soft- ware users. These variations demonstrate that software authors have a", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0399", "printed": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html", "normalized": "http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "298", "pdfPageEnd": "298", "printedPage": "283", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.gnu.org", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "is that authors of software have a set of rights that they can retain or give away (for comparisons of various FOSS licenses, see Perens 1999 or http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html). The Copyleft licensing innovations are “rules-in-use” (figure 3.2) that contribute to the motivation of computer programmers to take action in", "sourceLineIndex": "23" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0400", "printed": "www.sourceforge.net", "normalized": "www.sourceforge.net", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "302", "pdfPageEnd": "302", "printedPage": "287", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.sourceforge.net", "contextClassification": "software / technical infrastructure", "nearbyText": "and Cornford 2003). In FOSS projects, group collaboration is supported through web-based communication and version-control systems. For example, the FOSS project-management website www.sourceforge.net provides group communication functions and software version-control systems based on the “Concurrent Versioning System” or CVS (Fogel", "sourceLineIndex": "11" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0401", "printed": "http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html", "normalized": "http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "306", "pdfPageEnd": "306", "printedPage": "291", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.fsf.org", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "needed to apply to software, but also to accompanying user guides, tech- nical documentation, and so on. In this context, he developed the GNU Free Documentation License or GFDL (http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/ fdl.html), which governs the use, modification, and distribution of GNU software documentation. The GFDL specifies the sections of the document that must remain unmodified from version to version", "sourceLineIndex": "19" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0402", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "306", "pdfPageEnd": "306", "printedPage": "291", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "But around the year 2001, a new set of licenses following similar prin- ciples was developed by people associated with the nonprofit organiza- tion CreativeCommons.org that can be applied to works of music, art, video, text, and educational lesson plans (CreativeCommons.org 2004a). These licenses allow the author of a work to keep the copyright but still", "sourceLineIndex": "28" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0403", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "306", "pdfPageEnd": "306", "printedPage": "291", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "ciples was developed by people associated with the nonprofit organiza- tion CreativeCommons.org that can be applied to works of music, art, video, text, and educational lesson plans (CreativeCommons.org 2004a). These licenses allow the author of a work to keep the copyright but still allow others to copy and distribute their work as long as credit is given", "sourceLineIndex": "29" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0404", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "306", "pdfPageEnd": "306", "printedPage": "291", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "These licenses allow the author of a work to keep the copyright but still allow others to copy and distribute their work as long as credit is given to the original author (CreativeCommons.org 2004b). Creative Commons provides a series of questions to allow authors to choose between particular rights they wish to retain versus rights they would", "sourceLineIndex": "32" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0405", "printed": "Science.CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "Science.CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "307", "pdfPageEnd": "307", "printedPage": "292", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "(2) developing standard licensing models to facilitate wider access to sci- entific information, and (3) exploring ways to increase the sharing of sci- entific data (Science.CreativeCommons.org 2005). While it is too early to make definitive statements about the connection between the Science Commons effort and the ideas proposed here, clearly their efforts in all", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0406", "printed": "http://campus.esri.com", "normalized": "http://campus.esri.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "316", "pdfPageEnd": "316", "printedPage": "301", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "campus.esri.com", "contextClassification": "software / technical infrastructure", "nearbyText": "example, some proprietary software companies are offering online distance-learning programs (e.g., in the context of geographic informa- tion systems, see http://campus.esri.com) to earn additional revenue and promote the use of their software. Could similar distance-learning serv- ices be established to provide registration-based courses on the particu-", "sourceLineIndex": "16" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0407", "printed": "opensourcecms.com", "normalized": "opensourcecms.com", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "316", "pdfPageEnd": "316", "printedPage": "301", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "opensourcecms.com", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "access are emerging. A sizable number of FOSS packages are available (e.g., wiki's, Drupal, DSpace, and other content-management systems; see opensourcecms.com) with some of the needed functionality to sup- port open-content collaboration, which may reduce some of the software-development costs. Professional societies, foundations, or gov-", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0408", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "317", "pdfPageEnd": "317", "printedPage": "302", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "Awareness is growing that the FOSS collaborative paradigm is not limited to software (e.g., Bollier 1999; Schweik and Grove 2000; Stallman 2001; CreativeCommons.org 2004a; Schweik and Semenov 2003; Weber 2004) and that it can potentially be applied in any domain that requires a team of thinkers to tackle a problem. The licensing", "sourceLineIndex": "29" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0409", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "317", "pdfPageEnd": "317", "printedPage": "302", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "2003; Weber 2004) and that it can potentially be applied in any domain that requires a team of thinkers to tackle a problem. The licensing advances made by the people at CreativeCommons.org are important components of this idea. However, extending the FOSS paradigm to sci- entific commons requires not only attention to these licensing innova-", "sourceLineIndex": "32" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0410", "printed": "http:www.lulc.org/bcworkshop_2003/os_lulc_workshop_report_2003.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.lulc.org/bcworkshop_2003/os_lulc_workshop_report_2003.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "318", "pdfPageEnd": "318", "printedPage": "303", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.lulc.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "models (see http:www.lulc.org/ bcworkshop_2003/os_lulc_workshop_report_2003.pdf) sponsored by the NSF Biocomplexity Program (grant NSFSBR 0083744). However, the recommenda- tions and opinions expressed are mine and do not necessarily reflect the views", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0411", "printed": "http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html", "normalized": "http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "318", "pdfPageEnd": "318", "printedPage": "303", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "pkp.ubc.ca", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "of the funding agencies. 1. For example, as noted on the Public Knowledge Project's website (http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html), various kinds of open-source e-journal management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge", "sourceLineIndex": "37" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0412", "printed": "http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/", "normalized": "http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "318", "pdfPageEnd": "318", "printedPage": "303", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.pkp.ubc.ca", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "(http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html), various kinds of open-source e-journal management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge .net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0413", "printed": "http://artsys.sourceforge.net/", "normalized": "http://artsys.sourceforge.net/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "318", "pdfPageEnd": "318", "printedPage": "303", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "artsys.sourceforge.net", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "(http://pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/other_OJS.html), various kinds of open-source e-journal management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge .net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems and Internet portals (http://zope.org).", "sourceLineIndex": "39" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0414", "printed": "http://www.openly.com/efirst/", "normalized": "http://www.openly.com/efirst/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "318", "pdfPageEnd": "318", "printedPage": "303", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.openly.com", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "management software are available, such as the “Open Journal Systems” (http://www.pkp.ubc.ca/ojs/), the “Article System” (http://artsys.sourceforge .net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems and Internet portals (http://zope.org).", "sourceLineIndex": "40" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0415", "printed": "http://zope.org", "normalized": "http://zope.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "318", "pdfPageEnd": "318", "printedPage": "303", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "zope.org", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": ".net/), and efirst XML (http://www.openly.com/efirst/). There are also other open- source tools, such as Zope for developing general content-management systems and Internet portals (http://zope.org). 2. However, it remains an open question as to when such funding is absolutely needed for a project to survive versus when a FOSS project can exist solely", "sourceLineIndex": "42" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0416", "printed": "http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "319", "pdfPageEnd": "319", "printedPage": "304", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.fs.fed.us", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Research Station. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/ technical_reports/pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf. Benkler, Y. 2002. “Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm.” Yale Law Journal 112(3):369–446.", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0417", "printed": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/", "normalized": "http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "319", "pdfPageEnd": "319", "printedPage": "304", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "First Monday", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Law Journal 112(3):369–446. Bezroukov, N. 1999. “A Second Look at the Cathedral and the Bazaar.” First Monday 4(12). http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/. Bollier, D. 1999. “The Power of Openness: Why Citizens, Education, Govern- ment, and Business Should Care about the Coming Revolution in Open Source", "sourceLineIndex": "18" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0418", "printed": "http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/opencode/h2o/", "normalized": "http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/opencode/h2o/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "319", "pdfPageEnd": "319", "printedPage": "304", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "h2oproject.law.harvard.edu", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Bollier, D. 1999. “The Power of Openness: Why Citizens, Education, Govern- ment, and Business Should Care about the Coming Revolution in Open Source Code Software.” http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/opencode/h2o/. Bonaccorsi, A., and C. Rossi. 2003. “Why Open Source Software Can Succeed.” Research Policy 32(7):1243–1258.", "sourceLineIndex": "21" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0419", "printed": "http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm", "normalized": "http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "319", "pdfPageEnd": "319", "printedPage": "304", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "www.rri.wvu.edu", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "Briassoulis, H. 2000. Analysis of Land Use Change: Theoretical and Modeling Approaches. The Web Book of Regional Science. Morgantown, WV: Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University. http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/ Briassoulis/contents.htm. Capiluppi, A., P. Lago, and M. Morisio. 2003. “Evidences in the Evolution of OS Projects through Changelog Analyses.” In J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam,", "sourceLineIndex": "28" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0420", "printed": "http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2003", "normalized": "http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2003", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "319", "pdfPageEnd": "319", "printedPage": "304", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "opensource.ucc.ie", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "OS Projects through Changelog Analyses.” In J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. Lakhani, eds., Taking Stock of the Bazaar: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering. http://opensource.ucc.ie/ icse2003. CreativeCommons.org. 2004a. http://creativecommons.org. CreativeCommons.org.", "sourceLineIndex": "33" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0421", "printed": "CreativeCommons.org", "normalized": "CreativeCommons.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "319", "pdfPageEnd": "319", "printedPage": "304", "chapter": "10 - Free/Open-Source Software as a Framework for Establishing Commons in Science", "nearbyProject": "Creative Commons", "contextClassification": "license / intellectual-property resource", "nearbyText": "Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering. http://opensource.ucc.ie/ icse2003. CreativeCommons.org. 2004a. http://creativecommons.org. 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Additional information and analysis of STKE can be found at http://stke .sciencemag.org/.", "sourceLineIndex": "12" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0455", "printed": "http://stke.sciencemag.org/", "normalized": "http://stke.sciencemag.org/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "345", "pdfPageEnd": "345", "printedPage": "330", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "Science", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "2. Information about RePEc can be found at http://www.repec.org/. 3. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/. 4. Additional information and analysis of STKE can be found at http://stke .sciencemag.org/. 5. The decision on prepublication posting shifted to the discretion of individual APA journal editors.", "sourceLineIndex": "13" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0456", "printed": "http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/", "normalized": "http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "345", "pdfPageEnd": "345", "printedPage": "330", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.diglib.org", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "ment, over time library presence has been increasingly evident and the research projects have moved from testbeds to more operational settings. 8. See http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/. 9. National Research Council Committee on a National Collaboratory, National Collaboratories (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993).", "sourceLineIndex": "24" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0457", "printed": "http://www.windows.ucar.edu/sparc/", "normalized": "http://www.windows.ucar.edu/sparc/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "345", "pdfPageEnd": "345", "printedPage": "330", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.windows.ucar.edu", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "9. National Research Council Committee on a National Collaboratory, National Collaboratories (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993). 10. Information on SPARC can be found at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/ sparc/. 11. See “UCSB Campus Informatics: Collaboration for Knowledge Manage- ment,” http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html.", "sourceLineIndex": "27" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0458", "printed": "http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html", "normalized": "http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "345", "pdfPageEnd": "345", "printedPage": "330", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.cni.org", "contextClassification": "web resource", "nearbyText": "sparc/. 11. See “UCSB Campus Informatics: Collaboration for Knowledge Manage- ment,” http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html. 12. See http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/. References", "sourceLineIndex": "30" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0459", "printed": "http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/", "normalized": "http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "345", "pdfPageEnd": "345", "printedPage": "330", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.lib.umn.edu", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "11. See “UCSB Campus Informatics: Collaboration for Knowledge Manage- ment,” http://www.cni.org/tfms/2004a.spring/abstracts/PB-ucsb-pritchard.html. 12. See http://www.lib.umn.edu/about/mellon/. References Atkinson, Ross. 1996. “Library Functions, Scholarly Communication, and the", "sourceLineIndex": "31" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0460", "printed": "http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bbv9812", "normalized": "http://name.umdl.umich.edu/bbv9812", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "346", "pdfPageEnd": "346", "printedPage": "331", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "name.umdl.umich.edu", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "eds., Digital Libraries: A Vision for the 21st Century, 154–175. Ann Arbor: Uni- versity of Michigan Library Scholarly Publishing Office. http://name.umdl .umich.edu/bbv9812. Bennett, Douglas C. 1997. New Connections for Scholars: The Changing Mis- sions of a Learned Society in an Era of Digital Networks. American Council of", "sourceLineIndex": "2" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0461", "printed": "http://www.acls.org/op36.htm", "normalized": "http://www.acls.org/op36.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "346", "pdfPageEnd": "346", "printedPage": "331", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.acls.org", "contextClassification": "initiative / declaration / policy", "nearbyText": "Bennett, Douglas C. 1997. New Connections for Scholars: The Changing Mis- sions of a Learned Society in an Era of Digital Networks. American Council of Learned Societies Occasional Paper No. 36. http://www.acls.org/op36.htm. Berghel, Hal. 2001. “Digital Village: A Cyberpublishing Manifesto.” Commu- nications of the ACM 44/3 (March):17–20.", "sourceLineIndex": "6" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0462", "printed": "http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/works/kahin.dl.html", "normalized": "http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/works/kahin.dl.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "346", "pdfPageEnd": "346", "printedPage": "331", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.press.umich.edu", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "Writing. New York: Longman. Kahin, Brian. 1995. “Institutional and Policy Issues in the Development of the Digital Library.” Journal of Electronic Publishing (January). http://www.press .umich.edu/jep/works/kahin.dl.html. Kling, Rob, and Geoffrey McKim. 2000. “Not Just a Matter of Time: Field Dif- ferences and the Shaping of Electronic Media in Supporting Scientific Commu-", "sourceLineIndex": "24" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0463", "printed": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub92abst.html", "normalized": "http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub92abst.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "346", "pdfPageEnd": "346", "printedPage": "331", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "Council on Library and Information Resources", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Lynch, Clifford. 2000. Authenticity and Integrity in the Digital Environment: An Exploratory Analysis of the Central Role of Trust. Council on Library and Information Resources Report 92. http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub92abst .html. Lynch, Clifford. 2001. “When Documents Deceive: Trust and Provenance as New Factors for Retrieval in a Tangled Web.” Journal of the American Society", "sourceLineIndex": "35" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0464", "printed": "http://www.asu.edu/ecure/2005/keynote", "normalized": "http://www.asu.edu/ecure/2005/keynote", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "346", "pdfPageEnd": "346", "printedPage": "331", "chapter": "11 - Scholarly Communication and Libraries Unbound: The Opportunity of the Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.asu.edu", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "for Information Science and Technology 52(1):12–17. Lynch, Clifford. 2005. “ECURE 2005 Keynote Address, Arizona State Univer- sity, March 2005.” http://www.asu.edu/ecure/2005/keynote. 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Seaman, David. 2003. “Deep Sharing: A Case for the Federated Digital Library.” Educause", "sourceLineIndex": "8" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0467", "printed": "http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0348.pdf", "normalized": "http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0348.pdf", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "347", "pdfPageEnd": "347", "printedPage": "332", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "EDUCAUSE", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Review (July/August). http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ erm0348.pdf. Stone, Sue. 1982. “Humanities Scholars: Information Needs and Uses.” Journal of Documentation 38(4):292–313.", "sourceLineIndex": "14" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0468", "printed": "http://www.acls.org/op43.htm", "normalized": "http://www.acls.org/op43.htm", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "347", "pdfPageEnd": "347", "printedPage": "332", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "www.acls.org", "contextClassification": "article / report / publication", "nearbyText": "Tomlins, Christopher L. 1998. Wave of the Present: The Scholarly Journal on the Edge of the Internet. American Council of Learned Societies Occasional Paper No. 43. http://www.acls.org/op43.htm. Traweek, Sharon. 1988. Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.", "sourceLineIndex": "20" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0469", "printed": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines_program.html", "normalized": "http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines_program.html", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "347", "pdfPageEnd": "347", "printedPage": "332", "chapter": "Front matter or interstitial", "nearbyProject": "Association of Research Libraries / SPARC", "contextClassification": "project / organization homepage", "nearbyText": "Alone'”? Scholarly Tribes and Tribulations: How Tradition and Technology Are Driving Disciplinary Change. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, October 17. http://www.arl.org/scomm/disciplines_program.html. 332 Wendy Pradt Lougee", "sourceLineIndex": "26" }, { "id": "URL-OCC-0470", "printed": "http://www.econport.org", "normalized": "http://www.econport.org", "host": "", "pdfPageStart": "348", "pdfPageEnd": "348", "printedPage": "333", "chapter": "12 - EconPort: Creating and Maintaining a Knowledge Commons", "nearbyProject": "www.econport.org", "contextClassification": "repository / archive / digital library", "nearbyText": "focuses on an open-access digital library of microeconomics for students, teachers, researchers, and the general public. This digital library, Econ- Port (http://www.econport.org), is a new knowledge commons. 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durable-access, mirror, or read-only language appears in the project name, normalized book type, or source-grounded role.", "fields": [ "canonicalName", "aliases", "bookCategories", "sourceGroundedRoles" ], "pattern": "\\b(?:archives?|archival|preserv(?:e|es|ed|ing|ation)|repositories?|deposits?|durable access|mirrors?|read[\\s-]?only)\\b", "anchorProjectIds": [ "PC-0179", "PC-0251", "PC-0174" ] }, "version": "2026-07-28.g0.3", "count": 53, "members": [ "PC-0013", "PC-0017", "PC-0021", "PC-0022", "PC-0030", "PC-0055", "PC-0057", "PC-0062", "PC-0067", "PC-0081", "PC-0083", "PC-0090", "PC-0094", "PC-0096", "PC-0102", "PC-0110", "PC-0117", "PC-0127", "PC-0152", "PC-0154", "PC-0157", "PC-0161", "PC-0165", "PC-0168", "PC-0174", "PC-0179", "PC-0180", "PC-0188", "PC-0199", "PC-0203", "PC-0204", "PC-0206", "PC-0210", "PC-0211", "PC-0219", "PC-0221", "PC-0227", "PC-0228", "PC-0233", "PC-0242", "PC-0247", "PC-0251", "PC-0263", "PC-0267", "PC-0271", "PC-0278", "PC-0285", "PC-0301", "PC-0303", "PC-0311", "PC-0313", "PC-0315", "PC-0323" ] }, { "id": "community", "eyebrow": "Public knowledge", "label": "Community and civic knowledge", "title": "Community, civic, and participatory commons", "description": "Public information, local knowledge, citizen contribution, media, and community-governed work.", "href": "/polymythlib?scope=All%20Book%20Records&quick=community", "showAsQuick": true, "selection": { "kind": "terms", "rule": "Community, civic, citizen, participatory, public-information, local-knowledge, or deliberative language appears in the project name, normalized book type, or source-grounded role.", "fields": [ "canonicalName", "aliases", "bookCategories", "sourceGroundedRoles" ], "pattern": "\\b(?:communit(?:y|ies)|civic|citizen(?:s)?|participatory|public information|local knowledge|deliberative|public-interest|university-community)\\b", "anchorProjectIds": [ "PC-0254", "PC-0300", "PC-0265" ] }, "version": "2026-07-28.g0.3", "count": 36, "members": [ "PC-0006", "PC-0023", "PC-0041", "PC-0042", "PC-0044", "PC-0045", "PC-0049", "PC-0050", "PC-0051", "PC-0053", "PC-0078", "PC-0094", "PC-0107", "PC-0119", "PC-0137", "PC-0139", "PC-0149", "PC-0222", "PC-0227", "PC-0241", "PC-0245", "PC-0252", "PC-0253", "PC-0254", "PC-0255", "PC-0260", "PC-0261", "PC-0265", "PC-0276", "PC-0300", "PC-0324", "PC-0325", "PC-0326", "PC-0335", "PC-0340", "PC-0345" ] }, { "id": "infrastructure", "eyebrow": "What makes sharing possible", "label": "Standards and infrastructure", "title": "Standards, software, protocols, and infrastructure", "description": "Technical and institutional systems that help separate projects discover, exchange, and preserve knowledge.", "href": "/polymythlib?scope=All%20Book%20Records&quick=infrastructure", "showAsQuick": true, "selection": { "kind": "terms", "rule": "Standard, protocol, interoperability, metadata, software, API, harvesting, federation, platform, or infrastructure language appears in the project name, normalized book type, or source-grounded role.", "fields": [ "canonicalName", "aliases", "bookCategories", "sourceGroundedRoles" ], "pattern": "\\b(?:standards?|protocols?|interoperab(?:ility|le)|metadata|software|application programming interface|api|harvest(?:ing|er)?|federat(?:ed|ion)|platforms?|infrastructure)\\b", "anchorProjectIds": [ "PC-0090", "PC-0227", "PC-0095" ] }, "version": "2026-07-28.g0.3", "count": 71, "members": [ "PC-0019", "PC-0020", "PC-0032", "PC-0033", "PC-0039", "PC-0053", "PC-0062", "PC-0065", "PC-0066", "PC-0077", "PC-0081", "PC-0082", "PC-0090", "PC-0093", "PC-0095", "PC-0103", "PC-0109", "PC-0110", "PC-0112", "PC-0113", "PC-0119", "PC-0120", "PC-0123", "PC-0126", "PC-0127", "PC-0128", "PC-0129", "PC-0130", "PC-0138", "PC-0143", "PC-0150", "PC-0155", "PC-0160", "PC-0169", "PC-0170", "PC-0174", "PC-0189", "PC-0190", "PC-0195", "PC-0199", "PC-0207", "PC-0211", "PC-0218", "PC-0219", "PC-0227", "PC-0228", "PC-0231", "PC-0235", "PC-0236", "PC-0240", "PC-0241", "PC-0243", "PC-0256", "PC-0262", "PC-0265", "PC-0271", "PC-0281", "PC-0284", "PC-0288", "PC-0295", "PC-0296", "PC-0297", "PC-0302", "PC-0311", "PC-0312", "PC-0331", "PC-0337", "PC-0342", "PC-0343", "PC-0345", "PC-0346" ] }, { "id": "concepts", "eyebrow": "Book boundaries", "label": "Concepts and comparisons", "title": "Concepts, comparisons, and enclosure cases", "description": "Commercial systems, legal disputes, and natural-resource analogies used to clarify the boundary of a knowledge commons.", "href": "/polymythlib?scope=Concepts%20and%20Comparisons", "selection": { "kind": "field", "rule": "Directory scope equals Concepts and Comparisons.", "field": "scope", "value": "Concepts and Comparisons" }, "version": "2026-07-28.g0.3", "count": 25, "members": [ "PC-0003", "PC-0004", "PC-0005", "PC-0026", "PC-0038", "PC-0079", "PC-0106", "PC-0108", "PC-0113", "PC-0130", "PC-0131", "PC-0132", "PC-0135", "PC-0136", "PC-0167", "PC-0168", "PC-0191", "PC-0196", "PC-0216", "PC-0268", "PC-0283", "PC-0285", "PC-0296", "PC-0304", "PC-0333" ] }, { "id": "verified", "eyebrow": "Verification sample", "label": "Current state checked", "title": "Current state checked", "description": "A bounded group with a reviewed destination, verification date, evidence, and confidence field.", "href": "/polymythlib?scope=All%20Book%20Records&status=verified", "selection": { "kind": "present", "rule": "The current-state verification date field is present.", "field": "verified" }, "version": "2026-07-28.g0.3", "count": 20, "members": [ "PC-0014", "PC-0015", "PC-0022", "PC-0064", "PC-0082", "PC-0083", "PC-0090", "PC-0094", "PC-0102", "PC-0111", "PC-0112", "PC-0150", "PC-0179", "PC-0207", "PC-0212", "PC-0213", "PC-0230", "PC-0242", "PC-0247", "PC-0251" ] } ], "expansion": { "stages": [ { "stage": "Round 0", "focus": "Book backbone", "rule": "Extract every printed link and named project; preserve spelling, page, chapter, role, and 2007 portrayal." }, { "stage": "Round 1", "focus": "Verify each seed", "rule": "Resolve the book URL; find the official current page; record moves, aliases, successors, archives, status evidence, and date." }, { "stage": "Round 2", "focus": "Official neighborhood", "rule": "Inspect About, history, governance, host, partners, members, funders, projects, APIs, standards, preservation, and related-project pages." }, { "stage": "Round 3", "focus": "Strong-edge expansion", "rule": "Queue projects explicitly named by an official source as partners, members, successors, predecessors, spinoffs, federation members, or related commons." }, { "stage": "Round 4", "focus": "Parents and networks", "rule": "Traverse official project directories, member lists, implementer registries, preservation nodes, and constituent programs." }, { "stage": "Round 5", "focus": "Deduplicate and preserve lineage", "rule": "Keep project, parent, software platform, and deployed instance distinct; preserve former names, URLs, mergers, and transfers." }, { "stage": "Round 6", "focus": "Refresh", "rule": "Recheck URLs, redirects, status evidence, and unresolved records; add newly documented successors and partners with provenance." } ], "evidencePriority": [ { "rank": 1, "evidenceSource": "Current official project page" }, { "rank": 2, "evidenceSource": "Current official operator, parent institution, standards body, or named partner page" }, { "rank": 3, "evidenceSource": "Official announcement, annual report, documentation, policy, repository record, or project publication" }, { "rank": 4, "evidenceSource": "Archived official page for former URLs and discontinued projects" }, { "rank": 5, "evidenceSource": "Peer-reviewed or institutional secondary source" }, { "rank": 6, "evidenceSource": "Reputable secondary source for unresolved historical gaps" } ], "nodeClasses": [ { "nodeClass": "Project", "purpose": "Library, archive, repository, portal, journal, collaboratory, software commons, or public-facing initiative.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Institution", "purpose": "University, library, laboratory, nonprofit, agency, publisher, museum, company, or foundation.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Network", "purpose": "Federation, coalition, membership association, professional society, or information community.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Protocol", "purpose": "Metadata rule, harvesting protocol, API, identifier, exchange standard, or interface.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Policy", "purpose": "License, access policy, declaration, self-archiving rule, or governance rule.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Community", "purpose": "Users, contributors, managers, policymakers, disciplines, learners, or citizens.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Scope", "purpose": "Geography, institution, language, discipline, subject, or audience.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Resource type", "purpose": "Articles, books, data, maps, software, teaching materials, tools, events, or forums.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Preservation endpoint", "purpose": "Archive, cache, mirror, dark archive, repository, or fallback-access service.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" }, { "nodeClass": "Lifecycle event", "purpose": "Launch, move, renaming, merger, absorption, succession, spinoff, transfer, or closure.", "requiredProvenance": "Source URL + verified date" } ], "discoveryGenerations": [ { "generation": "1", "layer": "Direct expansion", "meaning": "Explicitly connected to a book seed by an official source." }, { "generation": "2", "layer": "Network expansion", "meaning": "Member or constituent project reached through a generation-1 official directory or registry." }, { "generation": "3+", "layer": "Research expansion", "meaning": "Subsequent sourced expansion through subject, geographic, institutional, or technical searches." } ], "breadthControl": "Add a new public-facing record when an official source establishes a qualifying relationship and the entity itself offers a commons, library, directory, repository, archive, portal, journal, collaboratory, preservation network, learning commons, civic information commons, or shared knowledge infrastructure. Keep generic news, individual content items, and unrelated departments as evidence endpoints rather than projects." } }